English Peppered Moth

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English Peppered Moth Example
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English Peppered Moth Example
Before industrial revolution After industrial
revolution
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Galapagos Ground Finch Study by Rosemary and
Peter Grant
In dry years average beak depth increases -birds
with large bills survive better -more large
seeds available In wet years average beak depth
decreases -birds with small bills survive
better -more small seeds available
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Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies

• Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean)
• Correlated changes in life history
  characteristics with type of predator
• Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile
  guppies
• Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large
  sexually mature guppies
• Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age

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The Experiment

• Experimental Group guppies transplanted from
  pike cichlid to killifish pools
• Control Group guppies that remained in pike
  cichlid pools
• What happened??
• Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an
  average of 14 greater mass

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Inorganic Chemistry

• Atom, Molecule
• Subatomic Particlesprotons (), electrons (-),
  neutrons
• Atomic nucleus protons neutrons
• Atomic number protons
• Atomic Weight protons neutrons
• Protons Electrons

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Isotopes

• Differ in number of neutrons
• 12C 6p 6n 6e-
• 14C 6p ?n 6e-
• 14C 6p 8n 6e-
• Isotopes are radioactive
• Can be used as tracers
• Can date materials

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Dangers of Isotopes?

• 1986 Chernobyl
• 1979 Three Mile Island
• Strontium?

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Energy

• Capacity to do work
• Potential vs. Kinetic
• Different states of potential energy for
  electrons
• Electron arrangement in outer shell
• 3 Main Bonds Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen

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Ionic Bond Transfer of electrons
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Covalent Bonds Sharing of electrons
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Hydrogen Bond weak bond between a polar bonded
hydrogen and a polar bonded oxygen or nitrogen
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WATER polar covalent and hydrogen bonds
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Properties of Water Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion holds water together within a
vessel Adhesion water sticks to vessel wall
resisting gravity
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High Surface Tension
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Properties of water(Due to hydrogen bonding)

• Cohesion/Adhesion
• High surface tension
• High specific heat
• High heat of vaporization
• Lower density as a solid than a liquid
• Good solvent
• Solute Solvent Solution

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Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

• Hydrophilic water-loving, attracted to water and
  dissolves easily in water
• Hydrophobic water-fearing, does not dissolve
  easily in water (nonpolar)

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Acids, Bases and Buffers
Acid high H
pH measure of H
Base low H
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Acid Rain Destroys Lakes
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Buildings and Statues
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Ocean Acidification

• Overproduction of carbon dioxide through fossil
  fuel combustion
• Oceans absorb carbon dioxide
• Ocean acidification CO2 dissolves in seawater
  and reacts with water to form carbonic acid
  (lowers ocean pH)
• Less carbonate for reef calcification

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CO2 dissolved in ocean reacts with water to form
carbonic acid Carbonic acid dissociates into
bicarbonate and hydrogen ions Hydrogen ions
form more bicarbonate with carbonate ions making
them unavailable for calcification by marine
animals such as coral Coral reefs increase
biodiversity, protect shorelines, feeding ground
for fish species (fisheries), tourism
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Figure 4.9 P. 64
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Origin of life (Miller)
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ATP Cellular Energy
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Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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How macromolecules are made and broken down
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Monosaccharides- 1 sugar
Major nutrient for cells, stored as di or poly
saccharide
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Linear and Ring Forms
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Disaccharides- 2 sugars
2 monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis
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Polysaccharides- 3 or more sugars
Many monosaccharides joined by condensation
synthesis
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Cellulose
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Storage Polysaccharides

• Starch storage molecules in plants
• -repeating units of glucose
• Glycogen storage of glucose in animals
• Cellulose also polymer of glucose in plants, but
  different 3-D configuration
• Makes up cell walls in plants
• Difficult to digest
• Chitin makes up exoskeleton in insects

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Lipids
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Unsaturated double bonds
cause bends Liquid at room temp.
Saturated no double bonds
saturated with H Solid at room temp.
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Phospholipids
Amphipathic both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
parts
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Properties of water shape cell membranes
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Amino Acids
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How proteins are made amino acids are the
building blocks
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Primary Structure
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Secondary Structure
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Tertiary Structure-globular
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Quaternary Structure
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Nucleic Acids
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DNA
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