Child, Family, School, and Community Socialization and Support 6th ed.

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Child, Family, School, and CommunitySocializati
on and Support 6th ed.
Chapter 8 ECOLOGY OF THE PEER GROUP
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THE PEER GROUP AS A SOCIALIZING AGENT THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF PEERS TO DEVELOPMENT

• Belonging needs and socialization
• Infancy/Toddlerhood the sense of belonging
  develops first within the family.
• Early childhood preschool childrens social
  interactions are impacted by attachment and the
  willingness of adults to provide opportunities.

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THE PEER GROUP AS A SOCIALIZING AGENT THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF PEERS TO DEVELOPMENT(Contd)

• Middle childhood opportunities for social
  interactions increase.
• Adolescence generally delineate their belonging
  needs and consequent social interactions
  according to the closeness of the relationship.

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THE PEER GROUP AS A SOCIALIZING AGENT SENSE OF
SELF AND PERSONAL IDENTITY

• Infancy/Toddlerhood infants as young as 6 months
  distinguish themselves from others.
• Early childhood begin to play in groups.
• Middle childhood the peer group provides
  opportunity for greater independence.
• Adolescence peer group activities escalate

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THE PEER GROUP AS A SOCIALIZING AGENT SENSE OF
SELF AND PERSONAL IDENTITY(Contd)

• Psychological development
• Emotions - individuals who do not have normal
  peer relations are affected in their later
  psychological development.
• Social development
• Social competence - involves behavior influenced
  by the understanding of others feelings and
  intentions.

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THE PEER GROUP AS A SOCIALIZING AGENT COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL COGNITION

• Piagets theory of cognitive development explains
  why children are sometimes illogical in their
  thinking or believe they are always right.
• Eriksons psychosocial stages explain why
  preadolescent children are more conforming than
  other age groups.

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THE PEER GROUP AS A SOCIALIZING AGENT PEER GROUP
SOCIALIZING MECHANISMS

• Reinforcement giving attention
• Modeling imitation
• Punishment teasing, physical aggression or
  rejection
• Apprenticeship someone with more experience
  helping someone with less experience

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MACROSYSTEM INFLUENCE ON THE PEER GROUP
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS

• Getting along with others
• Developing morals and values
• Learning appropriate sociocultural roles
• Achieving personal independence and identity

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CHRONOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON THE PEER GROUP
PLAY/ACTIVITIESTHE SIGNIFICANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
OF PLAY

• Play is behavior that is enjoyed for its own
  sake.
• Stage 1 Solitary
• Stage 2 Onlooker
• Stage 3 Parallel
• Stage 4 Associative
• Stage 5 Cooperative
• (Parten)

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CHRONOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON THE PEER GROUP
PLAY/ACTIVITIESTHE SIGNIFICANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
OF PLAY

• Categories of Play
• Imitative
• Exploratory
• Testing
• Model-building
• (Sutton-Smith)

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CHRONOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON THE PEER GROUP
PLAY/ACTIVITIES PEER ACTIVITIES

• Infant/Toddler peer activities
• 2-month olds are oriented to other babies
  movements
• 6-8 month olds look at and touch each other
• 9-13 month olds fight over toys
• 2 year olds interact positively with peers,
  imitate, and respond to each other

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CHRONOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON THE PEER GROUP
PLAY/ACTIVITIES PEER ACTIVITIES

• Early childhood peer activities involve
• Peer interactions increase
• Limited friendships
• Lack of empathy
• Selfishness and aggressiveness
• More complex social interactions
• Peers speaking directly to each other

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CHRONOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON THE PEER GROUP
PLAY/ACTIVITIESPEER ACTIVITIES

• Middle childhood peer activities are
• More unsupervised than supervised
• Informal
• Reflect culture
• Gender specific

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PEER GROUP INTERACTION DEVELOPMENT OF FRIENDSHIP

• Developmental Stages of Friendship Patterns
• Stage 1 Early Childhood
• Momentary playmateship
• Stage 2 Early to Middle Childhood
• One-way assistance
• Stage 3 Middle childhood
• Two-way, fair-weather cooperation
• Stage 4 Middle childhood to adolescence
• Intimate, mutually-shared relationships
• Stage 5 Adolescence to adulthood
• Autonomous-interdependent friendships

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PEER GROUP INTERACTION DEVELOPMENT OF FRIENDSHIP

• Acceptance/Rejection by peers
• Prosocial behavior and family interactions play
  a role in childrens successful integration into
  a group.

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PEER GROUP INTERACTION DEVELOPMENT OF FRIENDSHIP

• Peer sociotherapy
• techniques developed to measure patterns of
  acceptance, neglect, and rejection among members
  of a group.

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PEER GROUP DYNAMICS AND SOCIAL HIERARCHIES

• Inclusion and exclusion
• Bullies/victims
• Gangs
• Peer collaboration

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Teachers Can Help Children Gain Acceptance

• To encourage peer acceptance, teachers
• should
• Enable Compromise
• Enable Communication
• Enable Interpretation
• Enable Family Involvement

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MESOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON THE PEER GROUP
ADULT-MEDIATED GROUP INTERACTION

• How adults mediate, or structure, the social
• interaction within a peer group influences
• childrens behavior.

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MESOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON THE PEER GROUP
ADULT-MEDIATED GROUP INTERACTION

• Groups tend to stratify, with some individuals
  assuming more dominate roles and others more
  submissive ones.
• Groups develop norms.
• Frustration and competition contribute to
  hostility between groups.
• Competition between groups fosters cohesiveness
  within groups.
• Intergroup hostility can often be reduced by
  setting up a common goal. (Mustaf Sherif et al.)

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MESOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON THE PEER GROUP ADULT
LEADERSHIP STYLES

• Groups led by adults can differ markedly in the
  kind of leadership provided.
• Authoritarian
• Democratic
• Laissez-faire