COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN COMMUNITY

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COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTIN URBAN COMMUNITY

• James Wong kamin
• Pengarah
• Jabatan Perpaduan Negara
• Wilayah Persekutuan
• Sept 2003

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WORKING IN THE URBAN COMMUNITY

• Community development work
• Starting work in the community
• STEP ONE BUILD RAPPORT
• STEP TWO ASSESS COMMUNITY NEEDS
• STEP THREE DECIDE ON PRIORITIES
• STEP FOUR ORGANISE THE COMMUNITY
• STEP FIVE IDENTIFY RESOURCES
• Planning and implementing the project
• Training
• Monthly plans and yearly plans
• Team work and coordination with other agencies

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PART A
WHAT IS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT WORK
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Some objectives

• to bring changes in the social and economic
  conditions of the area, so that the residents can
  have better living conditions/ environment.
• to make the resident work together, instill
  confident, democracy and self reliant.
• empower communities to bring changes to their
  own location.
• to build capacity and add value to community
  projects.

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PART B

WHAT TO EXPECT IN THE COMMUNITY
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1.Nature of urban community

• who are they race, religion, culture,
  background, age, male/ female ration
• what are they occupation, education, income,
  skills, place of work
• where are they place of resident
• URBAN COMMUNITIES ARE NOT HOMOGENEOUS

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2.Reluctance of residents to work with community
development worker

• - outsider, suspicion, threat, ulterior
  motives
• - treat your ideas with little enthusiasm
• - people are hesitant to change/ comfort zone
• - dont take risk
• - mistrust
• BUILDING A TRUSTING RELATIONSHIP TAKES
• TIME AND PATIENCE

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3.Your presence in the community raises
expectation

• - community expects changes, benefits,
  programs and facilities.
• DO NOT MAKE PROMISES YOU
• CANNOT DELIVER
• (remember angle of frustration)

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4.Conflicts and problems in the community (within
the community and between the community and
outside agencies)

• - because of differences between people
• - because of varied interests
• - because of political beliefs
• - because of leadership positions.
• MUST BE AWARE AND SENSITIVE
• TO CONFLICTS

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5.Physical conditions

• - your place of stay
• - your life style
• - your health

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6.Personal satisfaction as a community
development worker

• - working with people
• - improving social conditions
• - changing and motivating people people
• - sincere
• CHANGE COMES SLOWLY. EXPECT
• PROBLEMS AND OBSTACLES.

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PART C
WHAT DOES COMMUNITY WORK REQUIRE
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ABILITIES
ATTITUDES
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1.Abilities necessary..

• Abilities to relate and work with the community
• ..interact and build rapport
• establish good relationship
• understand the felt needs
• motivate and organise people
• ..promote participation

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abilities necessary (cont)

• Abilities to share skills to gain credibility
• ..specific skills
• .professional skills

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Abilities necessary (cont)

• Abilities to coordinate resources and agencies
• locate resources
• link resources
• .network resources
• .synergise resources

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2.Attitudes a key factor

• Commitment to work
• .real interest in helping people
• Sensitivity to traditions/ cultural practices
• ..social practices, traditions, cultures,
  languages of the community

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Attitudes a key factor (cont)

• Respect for people
• .their ideas, abilities, opinions
• Friendly attitude
• .warmth, friendly, patience, approachable,
  caring, interested

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Attitudes a key factor (cont)

• Willingness to learn
• .listen
• .understand what people say and learn from
  them
• Adjustment to local customs
• ..local customs, manners, dress requirement,
  food etc

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COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
PART D
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a process to encourage and awaken community to
realise they themselves have the abilities,
capacities, energies and some resources to take
initiatives to better the community or
simply- sections of the community to become
active and responsible in deciding what their
problems are and their solutions
1.What is community participation
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Community participation is the CENTRAL POINT of
community development work.Getting involve from
beginning to end
(CONT)
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2.What is NOT Community participation

• Getting community to go along and agree with
  programs already decided and designed for them.
• Just contribution of labour.
• Support of a few community leaders.
• Improvement of government services.

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3.How to encourage community participation

• Community identify their own problems and needs.
• Communty assist in collecting local information.
• Community to suggest solutions to their problems.
• Community to set priorities.

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How to encourage community participation (cont)

• Community to make joint decisions and plans.
• Community to find resources locally and outside.
• Communty to take responsibility for specific
  project and outcome.
• Community to assist in supervision and evaluation.

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Example of a community participation project a
cleaner water project

• Exercise 1
• LIST OUT WAYS IN WHICH
• COMMUNITY CAN PARTICIPATE IN THHIS PROJECT
• 15 MINUTES

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PART E

• WORKING IN THE COMMUNITY
• -STEP ONE TO STEP FIVE

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STEP ONE

• BUILD RAPPORT

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1 building rapport

• Building rapport is a continuous process and
  takes time and effort.
• Purpose
• To establish good relationship.
• To facilitate communication continuously.
• To gain confidence and acceptance.

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BUILD RAPPORT HOW (CONT)

• Contact and talk with community leaders.
• Introduce yourself.
• Get the community leaders to take you around the
  community.
• Make informal contacts and visits.
• Interact with many people.
• Have informal meetings and discussion.
• Familiar with names and titles of local leaders.
• Ability to speak local language/ dialects helps.

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2 become familiar with the community

• Purpose
• Community profile no. of people, where they
  work, live, type of profession, resources,
  services, social and economic activities.
• Gives you a clearer pic of the community.
• Useful tool to plan projects.

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STEP TWO

• ASSESS COMMUNITY
• NEEDS

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1 PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE OF ASSESSING NEEDS

• Identify problems / needs.
• Suggest solutions to problems.
• Define relevant projects in the community and
  encourage participation.
• Assess changes and improvements at a later stage.

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2. TOOLS AND SKILLS to assess needs

• Observation.
• Survey.
• Informal discussion.

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A.Observation of the community

• Some hints how to observe
• ..train your eyes to see.
• ..write/ jot down ( dont rely on memory).
• ..visit the place at different times.
• ..check observations with oral questions.
• ..check observations with other people.

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B.Survey with the community

• Get information that is most useful only.
• Do not ask for the sake of asking.
• Dont waste time.
• Sometimes, update info.
• Keep focus.

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B.1. How to conduct survey and whom

• Select area
• Select household/ community
• Whom to talk to

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B.2. Tips on interview

• Do not imply, suggest.
• Let the people talk.
• Probe only the reply.
• Go over the questions if unclear.
• Ask people to prioritize the problems.
• Be thankful.
• Request permission to come back for more info.

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B.3. Tips in recording information

• Ask permission to record.
• Record after establishing rapport.
• Carry notebook (not pieces of paper).
• Give attention.

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C. INFORMAL DISCUSSION

• Meeting informally for in depth info.
• Verification.
• Insights.
• Different views.

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D. PROBLEMS TO BE AWARE OF IN ASSESSING NEEDS

• Assessing needs is not a one time activity.
• Cannot be done by just survey or discussion.
• Requires repeated visits.

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E. SUMMARIZE FINDINGS

• From observations, survey and informal
  discussions prepare a summary of the major needs/
  problems of the community.

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STEP THREE

• DECIDE ON PRIORITIES

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1. Deciding priorities for action

• Listing of priority needs must come from the
  community.
• CD WORKER ACTS AS A GUIDE AND CATALYST

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2. Some criteria for deciding priority needs

• Guidelines on the basis of which priorities can
  be set.
• Study info and analyse info.
• Carefully thought out.
• Consensus.

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3. Reaching consensus
Men, women, youths
Unofficial leaders
Reaching consensus on priority needs
Community leaders
Religious people
Govt workers
Ngo workers
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4. Deciding priorities
Look over list of needs
Meet with coomunity leaders in small groups.
Discuss list of needs.
Organise general and formal meeting of the
community. Discuss and consensus.
Form small groups/ committees to deal with
priority needs.
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5. Deciding priorities 2 very important things
happen -

1. The community is CLEARLY defining FOR ITSELF the
   most SUITABLE and RELEVENT program/ activities
   for the area. Therefore, the community will be
   MORE COMMITTED to see the success of the program.
2. LOCAL PARTICIPATION and INVOLVEMENT

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STEP FOUR

• ORGANIZING THE COMMUNITY

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Organizing the community

• Organize groups formal and informal
• Sensitize them on WHY the need to organize
• Assistance them

Community need the assistance and guidance of CD
worker
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1. Purpose of organizing the community

1. Ensures participation of the community in the
   early stages of planning activities.
2. Build and jel team and cooperation with one
   another early.
3. Encourages local responsibility and learning from
   each other.
4. Sense of solidarity/ togetherness in working
   towards a common goal and achieving results.

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Purpose of organizing the community (cont)

1. A platform for all to be heard.
2. Groups/ committee easier to obtain assistance/
   funding etc.
3. Groups/ committee build confidence and berdikari
   in the community.

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2. How to organize a group/ committee

• A) Initial steps
• Establish good contacts in the community.
• Meetin the people several times motivate and
  interesting in the program.
• Explain the benefits of the program.
• Finding the needs/ problems/ interest of the
  community.
• Setting priorities..

BEGIN TO FORM COMMITTEES/ GROUPS
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B) Organize according to the activity
Committees of local residents organized for
LOCAL SECURITY
UNITY AND SOCIAL INTERACTION
OR BOTH
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C) How to organize.
Main points to consider.
But work with existing committees
Main responsibilities or TOR
Who are the members
Who should be the chairman, secretary, treasurer.
How often the meetings
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How to organise.(CONT)

• Existing groups, some examples
• Persatuan Penduduk
• JKKK
• Wanita
• Keluarga
• Banjir
• Belia
• Kraftangan
• Lain lain

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3. An active committee-some suggestions

• Ciri ciri of an active committee
• Well organized
• Responsible, trustworthy
• Hardworking
• Pro active
• Influential
• Enthusiastic
• Motivated

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4. Forming a committee for an effective project
committee.some ideas

• Select appropriate members
• -fair representation from the community (race,
  occupation, age, gender, skills)
• Leaders acceptable to the community
• Size of committee manageable
• Define TOR clearly
• Regular meetings
• Notify meetings in advance
• Work plan of program

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4. Forming an committee..(cont)

1. Opportunity for all to share responsibility
2. Encourage a friendly atmosphere for free
   communication and contribution of ideas
3. Use group discussion to analyse and solve
   problems
4. Network and maintain relationship with othjer
   ngos
5. Keep minutes and records
6. Have financial reports
7. Evaluate programs
8. Replace inactive members

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STEP 5

• IDENTIFY RESOURCES

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1. Identify Resources
AS A CD WORKER, YOU ARE YOURSELF A GREAT
RESOURCE FOR THE COMMUNITY
R E S O U R C E S
PEOPLE who can help
Health, education, police
Materials like equipment
Facilities like community centers, playgrounds
Finance
Other organizations
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Identify resources (cont).
WHAT the resources
YOU MUST KNOW ..
WHERE are the resources
HOW to obtain them
WHAT PROCEDURES to follow
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2. What are the resources available?

• List resources
• 1. PEOPLE
• Ideas
• Technical Skills
• Contacts
• Influence
• Knowledge and experience
• Leadership abilities
• Skills, experience and know how
• Time and energy
• Small financial comtributions

Exercise list down the people in your community
that have the resources mentioned. 15 minutes
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What are the resources available (cont) .
2. MATERIALS
OUTSIDE INPUTS
LOCALLY AVAILABLE (COMMUNITY)
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What are the resources (cont)

• 3. FINANCIAL RESOURCES
• Local government funding
• Political funding
• NGO funding
• International organization funding
• Community contribution ( donation )
• Banks

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What are the resources (cont)

• FACILITIES
• Community halls, centres etc
• Child care facilities
• Pre school premise
• Playground
• Empty government
• Storage yards
• Water supply
• Electrical supply
• Police station

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F. IMPLEMENTING AND PLANNING THE PROJECT

1. PLANNING THE PROJECT WITH THE COMMITTEE
2. WRITING A PROJECT PAPER FOR FUNDS
3. CARRYING OUT THE PROJECT
4. MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE PRPJECT

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A. Planning the project

• 1. Define the problems

Problem house break-ins, stealing, crimes
Project patrolling guard duty liason with
police
Community well-being, reduction in crimes
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Planning the project (cont)

• 2. Select committee and area
• -interested involved
• cross-section of the
• community people from
• the area etc.

BEGIN SMALL
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Planning the project (cont)

• 3. Set Objectives

Too general
State the objectives of the program
in measurable end results
e.g. the objective of the project is to educate
the community in better usage of fire prevention
methods

• e.g. by the end of the project
• The community participated in three fire drills.
• 50 households will be supplied with fire
  extinguishers.
• 20 residents will be able to function as
  volunteers fire fighters.

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Planning the project
4. FEASIBILITY OF PROJECT means - PRACTICAL
FOR THE COMMUNITY - APPROPRIATE FOR THE
COMMUNITY - BENEFICIAL TO THE COMMUNITY HOW DO
WE KNOW THE PROJECT IS FEASIBLE ???
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Planning the project (cont)
FEASIBILITY FACTORS TO CONSIDER VERY IMPORTANT
1. COMMUNITY INTEREST- Are people interested? Are
people willing to get Involved?
2. RESOURCESAVAILABLE -people?, materials
available?, facility?, equipment?, money?
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Planning the project (cont)

• For a product based project market potentials
  where? , how?, cost?

• Type of training- retraining required ?

5. Transportation is it available?
6. Maintenance who will operate and maintain?

• Management needs of the project-long term/
  short term?

8. Spin-off of the project
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Planning the project
5. RESOURCES EXERCISE LIST DOWN WHAT
RESOURCES YOU HAVE AND WHAT YOU WILL REQUIRE
15 MINUTES
RESOURCES RESOURCES AVAILABLE
RESOURCES REQUIRED
LOCALLY
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Planning the project

• 6. Budget
• - salaries
• - allowances
• - equipment
• - facilitie
• - training
• - transportation
• - contingencies

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Planning the project (cont)

• 7. Work Plan
• - what has to be done
• - when
• - where
• - how and
• - by whom

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Planning the project (cont)
Sample of a work plan
Location
Activities to be undertaken
Responsibility
Time framework
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Planning the project (cont)
Sample of a work plan TIME BAR
Activities Jan Feb Mac April
Organize meeting Training
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B. Writing a project for FUNDING some hints

• Summary of project
• Define problem
• Selected people and area of project
• Objectives
• Feasibility of project
• Activities of project
• Duration

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(cont)

• Resources
• Finance/ budget
• Work plan
• Plan for supervision
• Reprting plan
• Monitoring and evaluation
• Follow-up plan

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c. Implementing the project

• Recheck the work plan
• Follow the work plan
• Re-orient community to the project
• Purchases

• Training, retraining and orientation of project
  staff
• Regular meeting for monitoring, feedback and
  evaluation

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D. Supervision of project

• 1. WHAT Supervision ????
• -checking on the progress and problems of project
  at regular intervals.
• -active and continuous process

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Supervision (cont)

• 2. WHY
• Going according to schedule???
• Resources adequately???
• Workers competent???
• Community benefitting from the project
• Facilities well maintained???

• 3. WHO
• Field officer
• Supervisor
• Committee members appointed
• Outside expert ( for technical project)

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Supervision (cont)

• 4. HOW TO SUPERVISE
• Actual on site visit
• Resolve problems fast
• Positive feedback on progress to committee/
  community

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Supervision (cont)

• 5. HOW OFTEN TO SUPERVISE?
• Regular interval weekly, monthly etc
• Depending on project

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Supervision (cont)

• 6. WHAT TO SUPERVISE
• Preparation
• Operation
• Funds
• Resources

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E. REPORTS

• 1. REPORTS
• Reports are useful
• Reports simple and few
• Reports as a record of ongoing activities
• Reports for evaluation
• Reports as brief for the boss

• 2. TYPES OF REPORTS
• Written
• Forms
• Formatted report
• 3. HOW OFTEN
• Monthly
• As requested

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F. EVALUATION

• Purpose
• To find out how effective the project is
• Objectives achieved or not
• How well the project is done
• Correcting mistakes

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Evaluation (cont)
2. We can find out
1.What has been achieved..
4.Strong points of the project.
2.What has not been achieved.
5.Problems that have risen
3.Why has it not been achieved
6.Ways to improve
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Evaluation (cont)
3. Who evaluates????
CD worker
committee
Other local agencies
Evaluate project
Residents
Religious leaders
Local politicians
Community leaders
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END THANK YOU TERIMA KASIH XIE
XIE NANDRIE SHUKRAN