English for Science and Technology (EST)

1
????
English for Science and Technology (EST)
By Yuyin He Foreign Languages School
Beihang University
English for Science and Technology
2

• Chapter 1
• An Brief Introduction

3
Learning Objectives

• Students are supposed to
• 1. master the language features of scientific
  discourse
• learn how to achieve nominalization in the
  sentence
• 3. raise their awareness of scientific rhetoric.

English for Science and Technology
4
English for Science and Technology
5
? Definition

• EST is an acronym. It stands for
• English for Science and Technology.
• (?)EST
• Science and Technology English
• (!)EST ?
• Science and Technology English

English for Science and Technology
6
Back

• EST is a functional variety of modern English.
• This type of English aims to serve science and
  technology .
• EST can be defined as knowledge concerning
  science and technology expressed in English.

English for Science and Technology
7
Characteristics
Accuracy
Clarity
Simplicity
Passive voice
Sentence structure
Technical terms
Tables, figures and diagrams
English for Science and Technology
8
? Characteristics
Back

• Accuracy
• We adjust the airconditioner to 20?.
• The regulator regulates the airconditioner to
  the set temperature.
• adjust ??
• regulate ??
• setadjusted ???

English for Science and Technology
9

• 2. Clarity
• EST sentences appear to be clear with
  easily-identified main clause pattern.
• The intention was that the journal should
  continue in this vein with its traditional
  function of acting as a midwife between
  specialized laboratories and the wider audience
  outside.

English for Science and Technology
10

• Experience has shown that there is a particular
  need of means by which people who used to be in
  academic life, but who are now elsewhere, in
  industry perhaps, may renewe acquaintance at
  first hand with research.

English for Science and Technology
11
Back

• Clarity is most successfully achieved by the
  sentences beginning with it.
• It follows that if the ambient PH value is made
  to be somewhat acidic, for example, equivalent to
  about the acidity of citric acid, hydrolysis
  occurs readily whereby phosphoric acid in a free
  state is again formed and passed into the
  solution.

English for Science and Technology
12

• 3. Simplicity
• ? acronym
• laser
• Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission
  of Radiation
• radar
• radio detecting and ranging
• sonar
• sound navigation and ranging

English for Science and Technology
13

• ? shortening
• one or two words standing for the whole
  name
• diesel
• diesel engine
• driver
• screw driver
• jet
• jet plane

English for Science and Technology
14

• ? blending
• a new word formed by only part of each word
• infranics
• infrared electronics
• mobot
• mobile robot
• heliox
• helium oxygen

English for Science and Technology
15

• ? affixes
• bio-?GK bioslife?????????
• bioethics ?????
• biohazard ????
• biolinguistics ?????
• biomedicine ????
• biosatellite ?????

English for Science and Technology
16

• radio-?L radiusray?????????????
• radiolocation ?????
• radiophotography ?????
• radioacoustic ??????
• radiotelemetering ?????
• radiosterilize ??????
• radioisotope ??????
• radiochemistry ????

English for Science and Technology
17

• ? nominalization
• The phenomenon in which heat is transferred from
  one molecule to the next is known as conduction.
• The transfer of heat from one molecule to the
  next is known as conduction.

English for Science and Technology
18
Back

• If we know the force on the gear we can
  determine its size.
• Knowledge of the force on the gear makes
  possible the determination of its size.

English for Science and Technology
19
Back

• 4. Passive voice
• for objectivity
• for emphasis
• Machine tools may be classified into six groups.
• No work can be done without energy.

English for Science and Technology
20

• 5. Sentence structures
• The cables are normally made continuous through
  the tops of the towers, down through side towers,
  where these exist, and thence into the anchorage.

English for Science and Technology
21
Back

• The function of the divergent section is to
  reduce to a minimum the tendency of the fluid to
  turbulence, and thus to ensure that the fluid
  flow is as smooth as possible.
• comment several to structures with
  different functions in grammar.

English for Science and Technology
22
Back

• 6. Technical terms
• highly-technical words
• semi-technical words
• 7. Tables, figures and diagrams used to make EST
  language clear and easily understood.

English for Science and Technology
23
? concerned fields
Back

• ESST
• English for Specialized Science and Technology
• ECST
• English for Common Science and Technology

English for Science and Technology
24
????
Chapter 2 Engineering
By Yuyin He Foreign Languages School
Beihang University
English for Science and Technology
25
Learning Objectives

• Students are supposed to
• 1. master the key words and language points
• learn how to give definitions
• 3. raise their awareness of aerospace
  engineering in their specializations.

English for Science and Technology
26
English for Science and Technology
27
Text A Engineering
Compound dictation concerning aerospace
Lead-in
Text analysis
Words and expressions
Sentence structures
English for Science and Technology
28
Lead-in
Back

• Most of you are engineering majors. What are
  your understanding of engineering? What do you
  think would be most demanding for studying
  engineering?

English for Science and Technology
29
Text Analysis Structure
Back
(Para. 1-3)
Definition and ___________________
engineering
a brief introduction to
_______________ and engineering
Problem solving
(Paras. 4-7)
All engineering _________
branches
(Paras. 8)
English for Science and Technology
30
Words and Expressions

• application
• optimum
• conversion
• define
• principle
• apparatus
• cognizance
• forecast
• innovation
• derive

• ingenious
• sewage
• special
• maintain
• involve
• acknowledge
• complexity
• desirable
• deductive
• adequacy

• Phrases Expressions
• as respects
• derive from
• apply to
• bear on
• is reduced to
• in terms of
• add to
• be based on

English for Science and Technology
31
Expressions from Chinese to English

• ????
• ????
• ????
• ????
• ????
• ????
• ????
• ???
• ??

• scientific principles
• manufacturing processes
• extensive training
• practical problems
• systems analysis
• select the problem
• safety requirements
• take into account
• common sense

English for Science and Technology
32
Expressions Matching Game
Back

• vary in complexity
• a given cost
• systematized knowledge
• a preliminary decision
• is reduced to
• creative synthesis
• the simplified problem
• in an appropriate form
• scientific concepts

• ??????
• ??????
• ????
• ??????
• ?????
• ????
• ?????
• ???
• ??????

English for Science and Technology
33
Sentence structures
Inversion
The Usage of
Contrast
Pronouns in the long sentence
Process descriptions
Parallel structures
English for Science and Technology
34
inversion

• Associated with engineering is a great body of
  special knowledge preparation for professional
  practice involves extensive training in the
  application of that knowledge.

English for Science and Technology
35
inversion
Back

• Of great importance is the process of creative
  synthesis or design, putting ideas together to
  create a new and optimum solution.
• First comes an analysis of the situation and a
  preliminary decision on a plan of attack.

English for Science and Technology
36
contrast

• The counterpart of the military engineer was the
  civil engineer, who applied essentially the same
  knowledge and skills to designing buildings,
  streets, water supplies, sewage systems, and
  other projects.

English for Science and Technology
37
Process description
Back

• First comes an analysis of the situation and a
  preliminary decision on a plan of attack. In line
  with this plan, the problem is reduced to a more
  categorical question that can be clearly stated.
  The stated question is then answered by deductive
  reasoning from known principles or by creative
  synthesis, as in a new design. The answer or
  design is always checked for accuracy and
  adequacy. Finally, the results for the simplified
  problem are interpreted in terms of the original
  problem and reported in an appropriate form.

English for Science and Technology
38
Parallel structures
Back

• Especially in major functions of all engineering
  branches

English for Science and Technology
39
Text B Aerospace Engineering
Lead-in
Text analysis
Words and usages
Definition Sentences
Sentences with as
English for Science and Technology
40
Lead-in
Back

• What is the English version for your
  specialization in our university? How is your
  major associated with aerospace?

English for Science and Technology
41
Text Analysis Structure
Back
(Para. 1-3)
Aerospace___________
engineering
Aerospace _________
engineers
(Paras. 4-5)
_________ of aerospace engineering
Influences
(Paras. 6-7)
English for Science and Technology
42
blending words

• avionics
• aviation electronics
• infranics
• infrared electronics
• mobot
• mobile robot
• heliox
• helium oxygen

English for Science and Technology
43
words concerning aero-

• aerospace
• aeronautics
• aerodynamics

English for Science and Technology
44
Demand-Require

• The design of a flight vehicle demands a
  knowledge of many engineering disciplines.
• The construction of large towers, buildings, and
  bridges requires predictions of aerodynamic
  forces and the creation of an optimum design to
  minimize these forces.
• Companies engaged in satellite communications
  require an understanding of orbital mechanics,
  trajectories, acceleration forces, and
  aerodynamic heating and an overall knowledge of
  the spacecraft industry.

English for Science and Technology
45
demand

• The design of a flight vehicle demands a
  knowledge of many engineering disciplines.
• The largest demand for aerospace engineers comes
  from the transport and fighter aircraft, missile,
  spacecraft, and general aviation industries.
• Demanding a demanding job
• a demanding wife
• a demanding kid

English for Science and Technology
46
Definition Sentences

• Aerospace means the atmosphere and outer space
  considered as a whole.
• ???????????????????
• Aerospace comprises the atmosphere of Earth and
  surrounding space. Typically the term is used to
  refer to the industry that researches, designs,
  manufactures, operates, and maintains vehicles
  moving through air and space.
• ????(Aerospace)???????????????????????????????
  (Aerospace),?????????????????????????????????
• Aeronautics refers to the theory and practice of
  navigation through air or space.
• ??????????????????????

English for Science and Technology
47
Definition Sentences

• Aeronautics refers to the theory and practice of
  navigation through air or space.
• ??????????????????????
• Aeronautics is the science involved with the
  study, design, and manufacture of flight-capable
  machines, or the techniques of operating
  aircraft.
• ??????????????????????,????????????

English for Science and Technology
48
Definition Sentence Pattern N is
n attributive clause

• Electrochemistry is that branch of chemistry
  which deals with interactions between electrical
  current and chemical changes.
• ???????????????????????
• Elevators are control surfaces, usually at the
  rear of an aircraft, which control the aircraft's
  orientation by changing the pitch of the
  aircraft, and so also the angle of attack of the
  wing.
• ??????????,?????????,????????????????????????
• Landing gear is the structure (usually wheels)
  that supports an aircraft on the ground .
• ????????????????????

English for Science and Technology
49
Definition Sentence Pattern N is n
attributive clause

• Aeronautics is a branch of mechanics that deals
  with the motion of gases (especially air) and
  their effects on bodies in the flow.
• ?????????????,?????(?????)????????????????????
• Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned
  with studying the motion of air, particularly
  when it interacts with a moving object.
• ???????????????,?????????,????????????????
• N is n attributive clause
• N specific to be define
• n general

English for Science and Technology
50
More on Patterns for definition sentences

• A word or idea means a definition .
• Is
• called
• A definition is known as a word or idea .
• referred to as
• A word or idea an appositive phrase functioning
  as a definition.

English for Science and Technology
51
Example engineering

• Engineering is the discipline /dealing with the
  art or science /of applying scientific knowledge
  to practical problems
• Engineering is the principled application of
  science, methods, tools, and experience to the
  production of designed objects.
• Engineering is both a science and an art,
  requiring imagination, technical skills, and
  business acumen to make things that benefit
  people.

English for Science and Technology
52
Example engineering
Back

• Engineering is the discipline /dealing with the
  art or science /of applying scientific knowledge
  to practical problems.
• The principled application of science, methods,
  tools, and experience to the production of
  designed objects is known as engineering.
• Engineering, both a science and an art to make
  things that benefit people, requires imagination,
  technical skills, and business acumen.

English for Science and Technology
53
Back
Text C LETS BRAINSTORM
great engineering ideas for the 21st century
20 engineering challenges
greatest engineering achievements of the 20th
century
The U.S. National Academy of Engineering
(NAE)
English for Science and Technology
54
????
Chapter 3 Telecommunication
By Yuyin He Foreign Languages School
Beihang University
English for Science and Technology
55
Learning Objectives

• Students are supposed to
• 1. master the key words and language points
• learn how to describe equipment and process
• 3. learn how to write summaries.

English for Science and Technology
56
English for Science and Technology
57
Text A Telecommunication
Compound dictation concerning aerospace
Lead-in
Text analysis
Words and expressions
English for Science and Technology
58
Lead-in
Back

• Brainstorm as many telecommunication means
  as you can.
• telephone
• mobile phone
• internet
• telegraph

English for Science and Technology
59
Text Analysis Structure
Back
(Para. 1)
Definition and ___________________
telecommunication
a brief introduction to
_____________ of telecommunication

Various means
(Paras. 2-6)
English for Science and Technology
60
Words and Expressions

• signal
• electronic
• telegraph
• facsimile
• fiber-optic
• wireless
• network
• broadcast
• orbit
• insulate

• Phrases Expressions
• across distances
• thanks to
• stand for

English for Science and Technology
61
Expressions from Chinese to English

• ????
• ????
• ??26???
• ???
• ????
• ????
• ???
• ????
• ????

• electronic inventions
• send messages
• letters of the alphabet
• electrical signals
• fiber-optic cables
• telephone signals
• competed with
• communications satellites
• insulated wires

English for Science and Technology
62
Text B Telephone
Lead-in
Text analysis
Summary writing
English for Science and Technology
63
Lead-in
Back

• How many kinds of telephone communication do
  you know? What are they?
• traditional telephone
• cordless telephone
• mobile phone
• teleconference

English for Science and Technology
64
Text Analysis Structure
Back
(Para. 1)
A brief introduction to
__________
telephone
________________ of telephone
The classifications
(Paras. 2-6)
__________ of telephone
The history
(Paras. 7-8)
English for Science and Technology
65

• Equipment description
• A traditional telephone depends on wires to send
  sound. It has a handset and a base that are
  connected by a cord. The handset is the part that
  a person holds to make or answer a call. One end
  of the handset has a microphone for talking. The
  other end has a small loudspeaker for listening.
  The base connects the telephone to an electric
  current through a wire.

English for Science and Technology
66

• Process description
• When the caller speaks into a telephone, the
  microphone changes the sound of the person's
  voice into an electric signal. The base sends out
  the signal through its wire. How the signal
  travels from there depends on where the call is
  going. It can remain an electric current, passing
  through wires and cables. It can travel through
  thin glass fibers in the form of light. This way
  of sending information is called fiber optics. Or
  the signal can be changed into radio waves and
  sent through the air by antennas and satellites.
  When the signal reaches the telephone at the
  other end, its loudspeaker changes it back into
  the sound of the caller's voice.

English for Science and Technology
67
Back

• Summary writing of telephone
• The telephone is a very common device for
  communicating over a distance by wires or by
  invisible radio waves. A traditional telephone
  depends on wires to send sound. Later, telephone
  can send signals through cables and fiber optics.
  A cordless telephone, which is more convenient
  than a traditional telephone, uses both electric
  signals and radio waves. Cellular telephones, or
  cell phones, are even more convenient than
  cordless phones because they work over a much
  wider area using radio waves. Many cell phones
  can do things other than make calls. In 1876,
  Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and
  it has become more useful than ever.

English for Science and Technology
68
Text C A Book Review
Text analysis
Translation
English for Science and Technology
69
Text Analysis Structure
Back
(Para. 1)
the introduction

examples and figures
(Paras. 2-6)
conclusion
(Paras. 7)
English for Science and Technology
70
Back

• Translation
• The book delves into work that often goes
  unmentioned in popularized stories about Franklin
  and receives only slight attention in other
  biographies. In addition to covering Franklin's
  investigations of electricity, Chaplin offers
  excellent accounts of, for example, his interest
  in and studies of ocean currents and navigation
  (as in his description of the Gulf Stream) and
  his observation of the dispersion of oil on water
  (which amounted to an early entry into the field
  of monolayer films).

English for Science and Technology
71
????
Chapter 4 Long and Complex Sentences
By Yuyin He Foreign Languages School
Beihang University
English for Science and Technology
72
Learning Objectives

• Students are supposed to
• 1. master functional words within long and
  complex sentences
• learn how to combine short sentences
• 3. learn how to draw diagrams for sentence
  analysis
• 4. raise their awareness of skills for sentence
  combination.

English for Science and Technology
73
English for Science and Technology
74
blank filling of functional words

• The task __ ecologists is __untangle the
  environmental__ biological factors __ hold this
  intrinsic capacity __ population growth __ the
  long run.
• for to and that for in

English for Science and Technology
75

• 2. Indeed, __ curiously persistent refusal __
  credit Hansberry __ a capacity __ intentional
  irony has led some critics __ interpret the
  plays thematic conflicts __ mere confusion,
  contradiction, __ eclecticism.
• a to with for to as or

English for Science and Technology
76
Back

• 3. __ 1953, many experimental attempts __
  synthesize the chemical constituents of life __
  primitive Earth conditions have __ performed,
  but __ of these experiments has produced anything
  approaching the complexity of the simplest
  organism.
• since to under been none

English for Science and Technology
77
combination of short sentences

• The fuselage is the most important parts of an
  aircraft.
• The engines are the most important parts of an
  aircraft.
• Also, the surfaces are the most important parts.
• The surfaces are known as aerofoils.
• Aerofoils inslude the rudder, elevators, ailerons
  and the wings.

English for Science and Technology
78
bothand

• Both the propellers of conventional aero-engines
  and the jet engines equipped in most modern
  high-speed aircraft develop thrust on the same
  principle.

English for Science and Technology
79
the sameas

• Most modern high-speed aircraft are equipped with
  jet engines which develop thrust on the same
  principle as the propellers of conventional
  aero-engines.

English for Science and Technology
80
The emphasis of the subject

• Jet engines with which most modern high-speed
  aircraft are equipped develop thrust on the same
  principle as the propellers of conventional
  aero-engines.

English for Science and Technology
81
A big mistake
Back

• Most modern high-speed aircraft are equipped with
  jet engines, which and the propellers of
  conventional aero-engines develop thrust on the
  same principle.

English for Science and Technology
82
structure analysis diagrams
Back

• The levels for the analysis
• Main clause
• Clauses or their omissions
• Parallel structures

English for Science and Technology
83
Knowledge tips
Discontinuous Modification(????) 1. Separation
of Relative Clause from Its Antecedent(???????????
??) 2. Separation of V-ing / V-ed / Prep-Phrase
from Its Head Noun (????/????/?????????????)
English for Science and Technology
84
Knowledge tips
???????????????,???,??????????????,??????????,?
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach
you physics. (who ??????????? teacher ? will come
tomorrow ????)
English for Science and Technology
85
Knowledge tips
Computers are already widely used in industry and
the time has come when ordinary people can use
them as well. (when ??????????? time ? has come
????)
English for Science and Technology
86
Knowledge tips
????????????,?????????????????????????,? You
may ask the lady there sitting on the chair. The
problem still remained to be solved of how the
message was to be sent to them.
English for Science and Technology
87
Knowledge tips
Of all the plays he wrote this one is perhaps the
best. (This one is perhaps the best of all the
plays he wrote. of ????????????)
English for Science and Technology
88
Knowledge tips
One day a young man was brought to his tent with
a badly burnt arm. (One day a young man with a
badly burnt arm was brought to his tent. ? with
????????????????????????)
English for Science and Technology