Punang Amaripuja Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta [e-mail]

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Punang AmaripujaMuhammadiyah University of
Yogyakartap_amaripuja_at_yahoo.com

• Higher Education Quality Assurance in Indonesia

Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakartat
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General Context

• Enormous population base (/- 220 M)
• Scattered through 16.000 islands
• Limited physical infrastructure in outer islands
• Low access to communication lines
• Java centric
• Human capital
• Knowledge base

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Education in General

• Pre-Elementary 1-2 years, optional
• Elementary 6 years (compulsary)
• Junior High 3 years (compulsary)
• High School 3 years
• General
• Vocational
• Higher Education
• General (Universities, 4 yrs)
• Vocational (Academies, Polytechnics, 2-3 yrs)
• Others
• Informal
• Non Formal

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Current Issues in Education

• Ammended Constitution orders 20 of National
  Budget for Education (not including salaries,
  etc.), while current budget is only 11 ?
  outruled by Constitutional Court
• Certification of Teachers and Lecturers with up
  to 3x current salaries
• Some state universities converted to State Owned
  Education Corporations

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Some Facts on Education
Institutions Students Teachers
Kindergarten 47,937 1,985,749 254,531
Primary School 1,089 29,092,130 1,490,948
Junior Secondary 32,966 9,586,753 749,571
Senior Secondary 17,329 6,175,528 480,564
Higher Education 2,589 4,001,191 208,181
(Directorate General of Higher Education, 2005)
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NUMBER OF TEACHERSBASED ON EDUCATION IN 2007
GRADUATE OF EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT STATUS TOTAL
GRADUATE OF GOVMT PRIVATE TOTAL
HIGH SCHOOL 288,680 268,813 557,493 24.82
Diploma 1 34,565 20,792 55,357 2.46
Diploma 2 532,608 125,270 657,878 29.29
Diploma 3 85,550 52,214 137,764 6.13
Bachelor 459,360 368,937 828,297 36.88
Masters 7,379 1,743 9,122 0.41
Ph.D 13 28 41 0.002
TOTAL 1,408,155 837,797 2,245,952 100.00
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9 S-3 Sp
8 S-3 Sp
7 S-3 Sp
6 S-2 Sp
5 S-2 Sp
4 D-4 S-1
3 D-3 S-1
2 D-2 D-3 S-1
1 D-1 D-2 D-3 S-1
Indonesian tertiary educations qualifications
framework
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Number of HE Students
Description Quantity
Population aged 19-24 24,901,100
Total HE Students 3,550,485
Public Univ Students 937,510
Private Univ Students 2,099,383
Departemental Univ 51,539
Islamic Univ 462,053
Gross Enrollment 14.26
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Government Support for Private Universities

• Competitive Research Grants
• Competitive Departmental University Level
  Grants
• Competitive University Unit level Grants
• The grants are competed between public and
  private universities
• Some private university lecturers (and teachers)
  become government officials
• Both public and private univ lecturers are
  licensed and promoted through the Ministry of
  Education
• Certification of public and private university
  lecturers
• Domestic Scholarships

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Ministry of Education Strategic Plan Vision A
Smart and Competitive Indonesia Mission Establish
and education system that could develop a smart
and competitive Indonesia which is just,
qualified, and relevant with the needs of the
local and global community

• Strategic Policy
• Equity and Extension of Access
• Quality, Relevance, and Competitiveness
• Governance, Accountability, and Public Image

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Targets of the DGHE 2005 -2010 Capacity
building and modernization 2010 - 2015 Services
Improvement 2015 - 2020 Regional
Competitiveness 2020 - 2025 International
Competitiveness
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Indonesian Higher Education Vision 2010

• On 1 April 2003 the DGHE has proclaimed HELTS
  2003 - 2010 (the Higher Education Long Term
  Strategy 2003 2010)
• Which incorporates the Indonesian Higher
  Education Vision
• In order to contribute to the nations
  competitiveness, the national higher education
  has to be organizationally healthy, and the same
  requirement also applies to institutions. A
  structural adjustment in the existing system is,
  however, needed to meet this challenge. The
  structural adjustment aims, by the year of 2010,
  of having a healthy higher education system,
  effectively coordinated and demonstrated by the
  following features
• Quality
• Access and Equity
• Autonomy

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Strategic Issues in the HELTS 2003 - 2010
One of the strategic issues described in the
HELTS 2003 2010 point E is Quality Assurance as
stated below In healthy organizations,
continuous quality improvement should become its
primary concern. Quality assurance should be
internally driven, institutionalized within each
organizations standard procedure, and could also
involve external parties. However, since quality
is also a concern of all stakeholders, quality
improvement should aim at producing quality
outputs and outcomes as part of public
accountability.
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The New Paradigm
Assurance/ Evaluasi
Quality
Autonomy
Accountability
Accreditation
The purpose of evaluation is not to prove but to
improve. (Stufflebeam et al., Educational
Evaluation and Design Making, 1997)
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The Definition of Higher Education Quality
Assurance
Higher Education Quality Assurance is the
process of defining and fulfillment of Higher
Education Quality Management Standards in a
consistent and sustainable manner in order to
satisfy all its stakeholders (students, parents,
industry, government, lecturers, supporting
staff, and other relevant parties)
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Mechanism for identifying HE Quality Standards
This example assumes that all HE Institutions are
Educational Legal Bodies

• Recruitment
• Probation period
• Permanent staff status
• Work performance appraisal
• Mutations, Promotions, Demotions
• Work schedules
• Overtime and paid leave
• Compensations and Rewards
• Social security and welfare
• Development and trainings
• Work health and safety
• Discipline
• Field work compensation
• Work separations

Vision
Standards
Stakeholder Needs
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HE Quality Assurance Structure
Higher Education
Accredi- tation
External Quality Assurance
Q
Internal Quality Assurance
IQA
Program Evaluation (Self Evaluated)
EPS BED
Self Evaluation
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Sustainable Higher Education Quality Assurance
Activities
ACTIVITY
GOAL
STATUS
INSTITUTION
ACREDITATION
External HE Quality Control and Audit
Facultative (optional)
HE National Acreditation Board BAN PT and /
or others
SELF EVALUATED PROGRAM EVALUATION (EPSBED)
Compulsary
Extension of Operational Permit
Directorate General of Higher Education
INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE
Internal improvement of HE Quality
Self Innitiated
HE Institution
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Overview ofHE Quality Assurance

• Community services
• Information Systems
• Alliances Cooperations
• Student affairs
• 5. Academic atmosphere
• 6. Financial resources
• 7. Others (Inst. based)

Other standards (above the National Education
Standard)
Internally Driven (HELTS)
A Smart and Competitive Indonesia
1. Content 2. Process 3. Graduate Competence
4. Academic staff 5. Infrastructure 6.
Operations 7. Financial 8. Academic Appraisal
8 Minimal Standard (NED)
Compul- sary
T.Frame 2015 2020 2025
HE Quality Assurance
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Standards Improvement Strategy
EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE / ACCREDITATION
(HE-NAB)
ASSISTANCE
100
INDEPENDENCY
Higher Education
INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE
Acquire AUN Standard 100 best in Asia / World
Acquire Internasional Standard 100 best in Asia
/ World
Surpass NES, AUN Quality Label, Acquire AUN
Standard
ASSISTANCE
LAW OBEDIENCY
REGIONAL
INTERNASIONAL
NASIONAL
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2015
2020
2025
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Quality Assurance Process
a. The HE Institution defines its vision and
mission b. Every program defines its vision and
mission based on the institutions vision and
mission c. The programs vision is broken down
into a set of quality standards d. The HE
Institution sets the organization and mechanism
of quality assurance e. The HE Institution
implements quality assurance through quality
control management f. The HE Institution
evaluates and revises its quality standard
through ongoing benchmarking
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Self Evaluated Items (LRAISE)

• Leadership
• Relevance
• Environmental sensitivity
• Graduate quality
• Industry acceptance
• Academic Atmosphere
• Lecturer student, lecturer lecturer,
• student - student interactions
• SOP Discipline

• Internal Management Organization
• Decision making processes
• Budget priorities
• Internal and external evaluations
• Sustainability
• Assure institutional existance
• Assure quality level
• Resources
• Efficiency and Productivity
• Length of study, length of thesis, etc.
• Ability to produce good output

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Self Evaluation Report

• Summary
• I. Self Evaluation Process
• II. Background
• a. Department Program History
• b. Long Term Development Plans
• c. External Environment
• III. Academis Program Evaluation
• a. Education
• b. Research
• c. Community Services
• d. Quality Assurance Programs
• IV. Management of Resources
• a. Financial Management
• b. Human Resources Management

• c. Physical Facilities Management
• 1. Infrastructure (Buildings)
• 2. Laboratories
• 3. Libraries
• d. Data and Information Management
• V. Departmental Performance Indicators
• a. Primary Performance Indicators
• b. Supporting Performance Indicators
• VI. Identified Problems
• VII. Alternative Solutions
• VIII. Appendix

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NATIONAL ACCREDITATION SYSTEM (Current)
Ministry of Education
HE-National Accreditation Board
HE Institution A
HE Institution B
ACCREDITATION
P 1
P 3
P 4
P 2
P W
P X
P Y
P Z
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NATIONAL ACCREDITATION SYSTEM (Alternate)
Ministry of Education
ASSOCATION OF HEI
HE-NAB
ACCREDITATION
HE Institution A
HE Institution B
P 1
P 3
P 4
P 2
P W
P X
P Y
P Z
Program Accreditation
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Goals of Accreditation

• Protect the community
• Assist Quality Assurance of HE Institutions
• Public Accountability of HEI
• Standardization of academic credit to allow
  student mobilization
• Basis for accreditation / license
• Consideration for grants
• Consideration for employee recruitment
• International recognition of certificate /
  competence
• Input for meta-evaluation of HE quality

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Scope of Accreditation

• Quality Control
• System and mechanism to assess comlpiance with
  performance indicators
• Quality Audit
• Appraisal of internal Quality Control mechanisms
• Quality Assessment
• System efficiency and effectiveness

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Who is responsible for HE Quality?

• HE Institutions
• Association of HEI (self regulation)
• Directorate General of HE
• HE National Accreditation Board

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Functions of the HE-NAB

• Prepare organization
• Formulate technical policy
• Setup appraisal criteria
• Collect data
• Operate appraisals
• Determine accreditation
• Publish accreditation certificates
• Announce accreditation results
• Give recommendation for supervision
• Assist self evaluation of HE Institutions
• Periodic reports to the Ministry of Education
• Kepmendikbud 187/U/1998

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Accreditation results of Diploma (D-3) programs
(25 Aug 2004)
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Accreditation results of S-1 programs (25 Aug
2004)
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Accreditation results of S-2 programs (Jan 2003 -
Aug 2004)
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KOPERTIS (Coordinator of Private HE Institutions)

• There are 12 regional offices covering all
  provinces
• Their functions include
• Implement supporting policies towards private HE
  institutions in its jurisdiction
• Support implementation of the three HE services
• Support resources to private HE institutions
• Technical guidance and support to private HE
  institutions

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HE SystemProblems and Constraints

• Immature system
• Wide variety in stage of development of
  institutions and programs
• Wide variety of quality within programs in
  different institutions
• Wide variety of quality between programs within
  institutions

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HE Quality AssuranceProblems and Constraints

• Lack synchronization between internal HEI system
  and data and external requirements (Self
  Evaluation, NAB, Competitive Grants)
• Limited awareness of HEI senior officials towards
  the impotance of accurate and complete data
  collection
• Limited data utilization in the decision making
  process

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Accreditation Problems Constraints

• Huge number of programs
• Limited number of experts
• Limited number of reviewers
• Limited funding

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PROBLEMS IN COMPILATION OF SELF EVAL, NAB, AND
QA DATA

• Data spread out over several units and levels
• Different data codification and stratification in
  each unit and HEI
• Different content and format between Self Eval,
  NAB, and HE-QA data
• Limited use of data in planning of HEI
• Underutilization of existing units for data
  collection
• Underutilization of Self Evaluation data for
  planning in HEI

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References

• Badan Akreditasi Nasional Perguruan Tinggi, DGHE
  of MOE, Akreditasi Dalam Uu Sistem Pendidikan
  Nasional (Uu No. 20/2003)
• DGHE-MOE, Kebijakan Nasional Sistim Penjaminan
  Mutu Perguruan Tinggi (Spm-pt), Sub Tema
  Sinkronisasi Sistim Penjaminan Mutu Internal
  (Spm-pt), Epsbed Dan Penjaminan Mutu Eksternal
  (Akreditasi)
• Gunawan, J. Pedoman Penjaminan Mutu (Quality
  Assurance) Pendidikan Tinggi
• M. K. Tadjudin, Capacity Building In Quality
  Assurance And Accreditation In Higher Education
  In The Asia Pacific Region
• Rapat Kerja Wilayah Pimpinan Perguruan Tinggi
  Swasta (Pts) (2006), Kebijakan Nasional Spm-pt
  Untuk Sinkronisasi Sistem Penjaminan Mutu
  Internal (Spmpt), Penjaminan Mutu Eksternal
  (Akreditasi) Dan Perijinan (Epsbed)