US Imperialism 1898 - 1920

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US Imperialism1898 - 1920
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List 3 things you see in this cartoon.
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Objective

• Define imperialism, isolationism, and
  expansionism.
• Evaluate the arguments for and against US
  imperialism at the end of the 19th century.
• Analyze the causes and effects (short-term
  long-term) of US imperialism inside and outside
  the US.

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Questions to think about

• How does imperialism affect the countries that
  come under an imperial power? (pros and cons)
• Is imperialism always a good or bad thing?
• How have US actions in the past affect our
  relationships with other countries today?

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US Imperialism

• During the late nineteenth and early twentieth
  centuries, the United States pursued an
  aggressive policy of expansionism, extending its
  political and economic influence around the globe.

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Create a Concept Map

• Use Inspiration on your computer.
• For each of the terms, create at least two
  bubbles (one for the word, one with a
  definition/explanation in your own words).
• Include at least 3 pictures (clipart, draw, or
  internet)
• Be creative as you organize your concept map.
• For Example

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Imperialism TermsWhy did the US want to expand?

• Imperialism p.352
• Expanding US Interests p. 353-354
• George Washingtons Farewell Address
• Monroe Doctrine
• Sewards Folly
• Arguments for Expansion p. 355
• Protecting Economic Growth
• Markets
• Protecting American Security
• Alfred T. Mahan (Influence of Sea Power Upon
  History)
• Great White Fleet p.375
• Preserving American Spirit p. 356
• Manifest destiny
• Henry Cabot Lodge
• Social Darwinism
• Arguments Against Expansion - Anti-Imperialists
  p.372-373
• Moral Political Arguments
• Racial Arguments
• Economic Arguments

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• Why did
• the US want to expand?

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1. Commercial/Business Interests (Markets Raw
Materials)
American Foreign Trade1870-1914
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2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan ? The Influence of Sea Power on
History 1660-1783
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3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White MansBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
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The White Mans Burden
TAKE UP THE WHITE MANS BURDEN SEND FORTH THE
BEST YE BREED GO, BIND YOUR SON TO EXILE TO
SERVE YOUR CAPTIVES NEED TO WAIT, IN HEAVY
HARNESS, ON FLUTTERED FOLK AND WILD YOUR
NEW-CAUGHT SULLEN PEOPLES, HALF DEVIL AND HALF
CHILD.
Rudyard Kipling, 1899
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4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
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1. Closing the American Frontier

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How did the US expand in the late 19th early
20th centuries?
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How did the US expand in the late 19th early
20th centuries?
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Presidential Diplomacy

• McKinley
• Open Door Policy
• Roosevelt
• Big Stick Diplomacy
• Roosevelt Corollary
• Taft
• Dollar Diplomacy
• Wilson
• Moral or Missionary Diplomacy
• Mexican Revolution (Pancho Villa)

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OPEN DOOR POLICY

• Who?
• Secretary of State John Hay for McKinley
• Target?
• China Spanish American War
• Goals
• Access to ports
• New Markets
• No country gets special privileges
• US maintains a sphere of influence

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China
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Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental Chinese Exclusion Act, 1887
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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
• 55 Days at Peking.

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The Open Door Policy

• Secretary John Hay.
• Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.
• Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by
  any one foreign power.

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TheOpen Door Policy
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America as a Pacific Power
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Spanish American War

• Complete your notes sheet as you view the
  powerpoint.

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Cuba
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The Imperialist Taylor
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Spanish Misrule in Cuba
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Valeriano Weylers Reconcentration Policy
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Yellow Journalism Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish
the pictures, and Ill furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
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De Lôme Letter

• Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and
  abidder for the admirationof the crowd,
  besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to
  leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on
  good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

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Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley
  administration.
• Imperialist and American nationalist.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the
  backbone of a chocolate éclair!
• Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

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The Rough Riders
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Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
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The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
How prepared was the US for war?
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The Philippines
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The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
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Dewey Captures Manila!
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Is He To Be a Despot?
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Emilio Aguinaldo

• Leader of the FilipinoUprising.
• July 4, 1946Philippine independence

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William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the
Philippines
Great administrator.
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Our Sphere of Influence
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The Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
• Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
• The U. S. paid Spain20 mil. for
  thePhilippines.
• The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

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The American Anti-Imperialist
League

• Founded in 1899.
• Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and
  WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.
• Campaigned against the annexation of
  thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

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Cuban Independence?

• Teller Amendment (1898)
• Platt Amendment (1903)
• Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
  foreign powers that would endanger its
  independence.
• The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
  necessary to maintain an efficient, independent
  govt.
• Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
  naval and coaling station.
• Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Senator Orville Platt
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DILEMMA--Did U. S. citizenship follow the flag??
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Puerto Rico
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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1900 - Foraker Act.
• PR became an unincorporated territory.
• Citizens of PR, not of the US.
• Import duties on PR goods
• 1901-1903 ? the Insular Cases.
• Constitutional rights were not automatically
  extended to territorial possessions.
• Congress had the power to decide these rights.
• Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were
  legal!

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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1917 Jones Act.
• Gave full territorial status to PR.
• Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the
  US.
• PRs elected theirown legislators governor to
  enforcelocal laws.
• PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.
• A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to
  vote for PR in the House.

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Write down three things you see in the cartoon
below.
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• Cartoon 2
• Who is in the ship?
• What is he holding?
• Where is he?
• What do you think it means?

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BIG STICK DIPLOMACY

• Who?
• Theodore Roosevelt (Pres. 1901-1909)
• Target?
• Latin America, Caribbean nations
• Rationale
• Any disorder in regions would force US to send in
  troops to protect its interests, investments
• Keep Europe out of region if nation defaults on
  loans

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The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
1905
Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require intervention by some civilized
nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the exercise of an international
police power .
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Panama The Kings Crown

• 1850 ? Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
• 1901 ? Hay-Paunceforte Treaty.
• Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.
• Dr. Walter Reed.
• Colonel W. Goethals.
• 1903 ? Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

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Panama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
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Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
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BIG STICK DIPLOMACY

• Rationale cont.
• Any disorder in regions would force US to send in
  troops to protect its interests, investments
• Keep Europe out of region if nation defaults on
  loans
• US takes over Panama Canal construction (complete
  in 1911) yellow fever
• US offered to pay Columbia, but it was slow to
  respond
• US urges Panama to revolt, sends US ships to back
  rebels
• Panama declares independence US buys canal
  rights from new country

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Tafts Dollar Diplomacy

• Improve financialopportunities for American
  businesses.
• Use private capital tofurther U. S.
  interestsoverseas.
• Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and
  order abroad that would best promote Americas
  commercial interests.

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DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

• Who? President William H. Taft
• Target Latin America, Caribbean Asia
• Rationale
• US relies on loans investments to settle
  regions
• Favors but would use military to stabilize
  nations

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MORAL OR MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY

• Who President Woodrow Wilson
• Target
• Latin America, Caribbean Mexico
• How it worked
• US told nations what was wrong with their govts
  how to fix them. US favors democracies
• US send military to fix problems as a last
  resort. (That usually happened)
• Mexico Pancho Villa were thorns in Wilsons
  side
• Mexicans revolt against US-friendly leader. US
  investors back dictator, but Wilson wont
  recognize. Wilson briefly supported Pancho
  Villa, but turned on him. Villa started raiding
  US border towns. US sends Army, but cant catch
  him.

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Mexico
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The Mexican Revolution 1910s

• Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and
  puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
• Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
  Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against
  Huerta.
• The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz
  and Huerta fled the country.
• Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

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The Mexican Revolution 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero
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Wilsons Moral Diplomacy

• The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.
• Spread democracy.
• Promote peace.
• Condemn colonialism.

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Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in
1914.
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U. S. Global Investments Investments in Latin
America, 1914
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U. S. Interventions in Latin America 1898-1920s
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Uncle Sam One of the Boys?
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Alaska
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Sewards Folly 1867
7.2 million
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Sewards Icebox 1867
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Hawaii "Crossroads of the Pacific"
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U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church first built in the late 1820s
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U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
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Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
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U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

• 1875 Reciprocity Treaty
• 1890 McKinley Tariff
• 1893 Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising
  against Queen Liliuokalani.
• Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of
  Hawaii in 1894.

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To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
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Imperialism Terms(Ch. 10 12)

• Imperialism
• Causes of Imperialism
• Effects of Imperialism
• Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
• Hawaii
• Panama
• George Washingtons Farewell Address
• Manifest Destiny
• Social Darwinism
• White Mans Burden
• Alfred T. Mahan

• Monroe Doctrine
• Roosevelt Corollary
• Big Stick Diplomacy
• Dollar Diplomacy
• Missionary/Moral Diplomacy
• Open Door Policy

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Ways to Organize Concept Map

• Definition
• Policies
• Washington, Monroe, McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft,
  Wilson
• Causes (what does the US need?)
• Bases, resources, markets
• Effects (what did the US gain? Lose?)
• Spanish-American War, Hawaii, Panama Canal,
  Alaska
• Arguments for Imperialism
• White Mans Burden, Missionaries, Manifest
  Destiny
• Arguments against Imperialism
• Anti-Imperialist League

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