Indicators to Measure Violence Against Women

1
Indicators to Measure Violence Against Women

• Sylvia Walby
• Lancaster University, UK
• S.Walby_at_Lancaster.ac.uk

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Introduction

• What are the criteria for indicators?
• Overview of initiatives
• Options in developing indictors on violence
  against women
• Key issues for discussion

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General Criteria for Indicators

• Summarise complex data.
• Be unambiguous and easy to interpret.
• Enable an assessment as to whether an improvement
  or deterioration has occurred.
• Be meaningful and relevant to policy makers,
  service providers and the wider informed public.
• Be capable of being supported by reliable and
  robust quantitative data.
• Be neither so many as to confuse, nor so few as
  to mislead.
• Be available at regular intervals and be
  comparable over time
• Be comparable between countries and population
  groups.

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Review of indicators

• Proposals from policy bodies
• Often not tightly specified
• Survey practice
• Often more interest in broader understanding of
  VAW than in indicators for policy evaluation
• See details in paper

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Evaluating options for indicators on violence
against women

• identify the specific criteria by which these
  options are to be assessed
• specify the separate dimensions of the indicator
  that need to be defined
• identify the range of options on this dimension
• identify the best option after due consideration
  of the relevant evidence.

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Specific criteria for violence against women
indicators 1

• Inclusive scope of types of violence, but not so
  specialised as to prevent comparison between
  countries
• Meaningful measurement of the extent of the
  violence appropriate balance between the
  concepts of prevalence and incidence
• Meaningful measurement of severity of the
  violence, especially in relation to its impact.

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Specific criteria for violence against women
indicators 2

• Consistent identification of the time period
  both a longer period e.g. life-time and a more
  recent period, e.g. last year
• Consistent identification of the same population
  sub-set, in relation to age and marital status.

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Specific criteria for violence against women
indicators 3

• Consistent with indicators in adjacent fields, so
  as to facilitate the mainstreaming of violence
  against women into mainstream data collection and
  policy development, while still being sensitive
  to the nuances in the specific field of violence
  against women.
• Practicality of data collection availability of
  data and existing use of indicators.

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Dimensions of the indicators

• Definition of the types of violence.
• Units for the measurement of prevalence and
  incidence.
• The measurement of severity, including as a
  threshold.
• The time period for the indicator.
• Whether any restrictions are placed on the
  population of women included.

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Definitions of types of violence 1

• The major options for indicators
• A single indicator that includes all of the types
  of violence and which does not separately specify
  them.
• A separate indicator for each type of violence
  domestic violence, rape, other sexual assault,
  stalking, sexual harassment in the workplace,
  female genital mutilation, forced marriage,
  trafficking, dowry deaths and honour-related
  crimes.
• A few indicators, one each for the more major
  forms of violence against women, selected from
  the list above (e.g. domestic violence, rape).
• A single indicator confined to domestic violence.

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Definitions of types of violence 2

• Recommended options
• A main indicator that includes all forms of
  gender-based violence against women and does not
  separately specify them (although they are
  separately named in the data collection
  instrument).
• Additional separate indicators for the major
  types of violence that are found in all
  countries intimate partner violence rape
  sexual harassment in the workplace.
• Not to use domestic violence only as the basis of
  an indicator for violence against women.

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Prevalence and incidents 1

• Major options
• Prevalence rate () of violence against women in
  the female population
• Incidents number of incidents of violence
  against women per unit (e.g. 100, or 1,000) of
  female population

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Domestic Violence incidents and gender
Women Men against women Ratio Women men
Victims 657,000 356,000 35 1.8
Average number incidents per victim 20 7 3.9
Total incidents 12.9 million 2.5 million 84 5.2
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Prevalence and incidents 2

• Recommended options
• life-time prevalence, as of female population
• annual rate of the number of incidents per 1,000
  women.

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Severity and impact 1

• Major options
• the nature of the action (conflict tactics
  scale)
• frequency
• injury whether or not there is an injury, and if
  so its seriousness.

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Domestic Violence Actions and injuries, by
gender
Injuries, women victims Injuries, men victims
Minor Action 49 36
Severe Action 77 56

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Severity and impact 2

• Recommended option
• Injury (not action or frequency)
• Severity of injury
• no physical injury, but fear, alarm or distress.
• minor injury from bruising to bleeding,
  non-penetrative sexual assault.
• major injury broken bones or teeth, attempted
  strangulation, rape and other penetrative sexual
  assaults, FGM.
• death

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Time period

• Major options
• Lifetime
• Or since adult e.g. 15, 16
• Last year
• Or last 3 or 5 years.
• Recommended options
• life-time, and
• last year.

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Population sub-groups Age

• Major options
• All adult women
• Adulthood starting at 15 or 16
• All adult women up to an upper age limit
• 45 or 59 or 65 or 70
• Recommended option
• Age at which violence took place to include all
  years.
• Age of respondent 16-65 years old.

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Population sub-groups Marital status

• Major options
• Adult women regardless of marital status
• Currently married or partnered women
• Ever married or partnered women
• Recommended option
• No restrictions on marital status.

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Proposed indicators integrating all dimensions

• Life-time prevalence of any form of gender-based
  violence against women, differentiated by level
  of severity of injury (no injury, minor injury,
  major injury, death), expressed as a percentage
  of the total female population.
• Annual number of incidents of any form of
  gender-based violence against women,
  differentiated by level of severity of injury (no
  injury, minor injury, major injury, death),
  expressed as a rate per 1,000 women, aged 16-65
  years old.
• Additional indicators
• Further differentiations within these
  indicators as to sub-types of violence against
  women, in particular, intimate partner violence
  rape and sexual harassment. Not an alternative,
  but additional.