Lesson Five

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Title: Lesson Five

1
Lesson Five

Love is a Fallacy
---- by Max Shulman

2
Objectives of Teaching

To comprehend the whole text
To lean and master the vocabulary and expressions
To learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences
To understand the structure of the text
To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the
passage.

3
Aims

To have a basic knowledge of the terms in logic.
To appreciate the humor in the story.
To analyze the structure of the story
To appreciate the language

4
Teaching Contents

Special terms in logic
Detailed study of the text
Organizational pattern
The chief attraction of the story
Language features
Exercises

5
Time allocation

Terms in logic (15 min.)
Detailed study of the text (110 min.)
Structure analysis (15 min.)
Language appreciation (15 min.)
Exercise (25 min.)

6
Lesson Five

I. Special terms in logic
argument--a statement which is offered as an
evidence or a proof.
It consists of two major elements
1. conclusion
2. premises -- a previous statement serving as a
basis for an argument.
Conclusion is to be drawn from premises.

7
Special terms in logic

fallacy -- false reasoning, as in an argument
a weakness and lack of logic or good sense in an
argument or piece of reasoning

8
fallacy

Usually, an argument is correct (deductively
valid) if the premises can provide enough
conclusive evidence for the conclusion. Otherwise
the argument is wrong. It is said to be
fallacious.

9
Special terms in logic

Three kinds of fallacy
1. material fallacy -- in its material content
through a misstatement of the facts.
2. verbal fallacy -- in its wording through an
incorrect use of terms.
3. formal fallacy-in its structure through the
use of an improper process of inference.

10
False Analogy

"High school should not require a freshman
writing course . Harvard doesn't require a
freshman writing course, and the students get
along fine without it".
--- The analogy is false because the two items
don't have strong enough similarities to predict
that what happens in one will happen in the other.

11
Dicta Simpliciter

"Everyone wants to get married someday."
--- The example starts a logical train of thought
with an assumption that is false. Not "everyone"
wants to get married.

12
Evading the issue

There are a number of handy fallacies that people
press into service to side step a problem while
appearing to pursue the point. (????)

13
1)Distraction

"Suds ' n ' Puds is a great restaurant you can
see how shining clean the kitchens are ".
--- The example is called distraction because the
reader's attention is drawn to the cleanliness of
the kitchen instead of to the excellence of the
food, which is usually the determiner of a great
restaurant.

14
2)Ad hominem

"against the person". "poisoning the well"
" Ms Bauer is a terrible English teacher. She
always wears blue jeans"
--- Instead of point out faults in teaching
technique, it calls attention to things about a
teacher as a person that are unrelated to her
teaching performance.

15
3)Ad misericordian (an appeal to pity)

"Look at this fourteen-year-old child who's run
away from home to hide her shame-- pregnant,
unwashed, friendless. penniless, at the mercy of
our social service agencies. Can you till claim
that sex should be taught in the classroom?"

16
3)Ad misericordian (an appeal to pity)

--- In this shifty approach to argumentation, the
writer gives tear jerking descriptions of the
cruel opponents' victims in order to arouse
sympathy from the reader.

17
Hasty Generalization

"Mr Wang's handwriting is terrible. Mr. Hu's
handwriting is also terrible and you know how
terrible men's handwriting is ."
--- It applies a special case to general rule.
That fact that certain person's handwriting is
bad doesn't imply that all mens handwriting is
bad.

18
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

After this, therefore because of this"
"The last five times that I've worn my white
pants, something depressing has happened. I'm not
going to wear those pants again!"
-- This fallacy assumes that if event Y happened
after event X, then X must be the cause of Y.

19
Circular Reasoning

or Begging the question
"Juan is an impressive speaker because he always
touches his listeners deeply."

20
Circular Reasoning

--- This problem occurs when the writer tries to
support a claim by restating it in different
words. You can tell this example is circular by
considering this Why is Juan an impressive
speaker? Because he touches his listeners
deeply.? Why are Juan's listeners touched so
deeply? Because he is an impressive speaker.
impressive touching someone deeply

21
Appeal to the Wrong Authority

"My political science teacher says that the new
math is impossible for children to learn.

22
Appeal to the Wrong Authority

--- If the student believes that political
science teacher's low opinion of new math
strongly supports an argument against new math,
the student is wrong. The political science
teacher is an authority, but in a different field.

23
Non Sequitur -- "it doesn't follow"

"Students who take earth science instead of
physics are lazy. Susie took earth science
instead of physics. Susie should be kicked out of
school"
--- If the first statement is correct, then you
could conclude that Susie is lazy. But there's
nothing in that line of reasoning that says lazy
students should be kicked out of school. The
conclusion doesn't follow.

24
II. Detailed study of the text

title -- humorous/ well chosen
1. When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense,
the title means
There is a deceptive or delusive quality about
love.
Love has delusive qualities

25
Detailed study of the text

2. When "fallacy" is having logical sense, it
means
Love cannot be deduced from a set of given
premises.
Love can not follow the given rules.
Love is an error, a deception and an emotion that
does not follow the principles of logic.

26
Charles Lamb (1775-1834)

English essayist and critic who is now best known
for his "Essays of Elia" (1823,1833). He
collaborated with his sister Mary in adapting
Shakespeare's plays into stories for children.
"Tales from Shakespeare"
"Specimens of English Dramatic Poets"

27
unfetter-- set free

let sth go freely / be completely out of control
limp -- drooping, lacking firmness
flaccid -- soft, flabby
spongy -- soft, porous, full of holes, not firm
specific characteristics of his writing (essay).
He is joking , not serious

28
Thomas Carlyle ( 1795-188)

English author, Scottish writer
He influenced social thinking about he new
industrial working class through his essay
"Chartism" and his book The Present and the
Past. He is best known for his epic history of
The French Revolution 1837 and his lectures
On Heroes and Hero-Workshop 1841

29
Thomas Carlyle ( 1795-188)

He produced Sartor Resartus 1833-34, the book in
which he first developed his characteristic style
and thought. This book is a veiled Sardonic
(scornful ???) attack upon the shams and
pretences of society, upon hollow rank, hollow
officialism, hollow custom, out of which life and
usefulness have departed.

30
Thomas Carlyle ( 1795-188)

Carlyle developed a peculiar style of his own
which was called --- "Carlyese" "Carlylism"
Style -- a compound of
biblical phrases
colloquialisms
Teutonic (???,????)twists
his own coinings arranged in unexpected
sequences.

31
John Ruskin -- (1819-1900)

English critic and social theorist
a writer on art and architecture
In his later writings he attacked social and
economic problems
Modern Painters
The Stones of Venice
The Seven Lamps of Architecture
Time and Tide

32
John Ruskin -- (1819-1900)

Positive program for social reforms
Sesame and Lilies (?????)
The Crown of Wild Olive
The King of the Golden River

33
Implication

My writing is even more informal. I can do better
than them. He says this only with his tongue in
cheek.

34
What is his purpose of writing this essay?

He compared logic to a living thing ( a human
being). Logic is not at all a dry learned branch
of learning. It is like a living human being,
full of beauty, passion and painful emotional
shocks.

35
trauma

a term in psychiatry meaning a painful emotional
experience.

36
Authors note

1) His own idea about his own essay.
From his point of view, his essay is sth limp,
spongy. It is very informal.
2) His own idea about the purpose of that essay.
It is not a dry branch of learning , but like a
human being.

37
Para 4

Introduction of the narrator --- a law student
Notice the way he introduced himself
"boasting"

38
keen

(of the mind) active, sensitive, sharp
(syn. nimble, quick, adroit prompt, sharp smart
swift) ???,???
sight ?????
intelligence ?????

39
calculating --

coldly panning and thinking about future actions
and esp. whether they will be good or bad for
oneself.

40
perspicacious ---

fml. quick to judge and understand ???????, ??
having or showing keen judgment and understanding

41
acute, astute

acute-- (senses, sensation, intellect)
??,??,??
able to notice small differences
Dogs have an acute sense of smell.
astute -- shrewd , quick at seeing how to gain an
advantage
clever and able to see quickly sth, that is to
one's advantage.???,???

42
comparison

His brain
1. dynamo -- powerful
2. a chemist's scales--- precise, accurate
3. scalpel -- penetrating

43
Para.5

introduction of the first antagonist
Petey Burch
He downgrades his roommate.
nothing upstairs -- (Am. slang) empty-headed

44
unstable

unstable
-- easily moved, upset or changed
emotional
-- having feelings which are strong or easily
moved

45
impressionable

-- easy to be influenced, often with the result
that one's feeling and ideas change easily and
esp. that one is ready to admire other people.

46
fad

-- a style etc that interests many people for a
short time, passing fashion.

47
negation

--- the lack or opposite of sth. positive, The
opposite or absence of something regarded as
actual, positive, or affirmative.
Reason
--- the ability to think, draw conclusions
Fads / passing fashions, in my opinion, show a
complete lack of reason.

48
to be swept up in

-- to be carried away by follow enthusiastically

49
idiocy

-- great foolishness or stupidity

50
pound -- to hit hard

to deliver heavy, repeated blows

51
Charleston

5image-2
-- a quick spirited dance of the 1920's, in 4/4
time, characterized by a twisting step.

52
Raccoon

--?? the fur of a small, tree climbing mammal of
N. America, having yellowish gray fur and a
black, bushy ringed tail.????????
5image-3raccoon

53
incredulously

-- showing disbelief, unbelieving
an incredulous look/ smile

54
in the swim

-- knowing about and concerned in what is going
on in modern life.
active in or conforming to current fashions

55
mixed metaphor

1. brain -- a precision instrument
2. brain -- a machine that has gears

56
gear---

any of several arrangements, esp. of toothed
wheels in a machine, which allows power to be
passed from one part to another so as to control
the power, speed or direction of movement.

57
gear---

bottom gear
top gear
low ---- in a car which is used for starting
high --- for going fast

58
gear---

If you say that a person, system, or process is
in a particular gear, you are talking about the
speed, energy, or efficiency with which they are
working or functioning.
eg. It took time to shift back into normal gear
for boring routine tasks.
She knew how to change gear in order to
achieve the right result.
The Chinese economy will be in high gear.

59
stroke

pass the hand over gently, esp. for pleasure
The cat likes to be stroked. (over the surface of
)

60
Para. 23

the introduction of the second antagonist

61
cerebral

(fml, humor) ???
1. of the brain
2. intellectual, excluding the emotions
tending to or showing (too much) serious thinking

62
gracious --- polite

kind
pleasant
What are the specifications of his future wife?
1. beautiful
2. gracious
3. intelligent

63
carriage

--- (sing) the manner of carrying oneself,
bearing the manner of holding one's head, limbs,
and body when standing or walking.
physical aspects of persons bearing ??, ??
Dancing can improve the carriage. ?????????

64
deportment -- fml.

1. Br.E the way a person, esp. a young lady,
stands and walks
2. Am.E the way a person, esp, a young lady,
behaves in the company of others

65
bearing

-- manner of holding one's body or way of
behaving
(physical /mental posture)??,??
She has a very modest bearing. ??????

66
breeding ---

polite social behavior

67
pot roast

--- a piece of beef cooked only with a little
water after having been made brown by cooking in
hot fat.

68
makings

-- qualities, the possibility of developing into
??
He has the makings of a good doctor.
He has in him the makings of a great man.

69
dipper

a long-handled cup esp for dipping
a dipper of sauerkraut
-- a small cupful of pickled chopped cabbage
veer -- change in direction, shift, turn

70
go steady

-- (Am. coll.) to date sb of the opposite sex
regularly and exclusively
be sweetheart

71
wink -- v. n.

v. to close and open (one eye) rapidly, usu, as
signal between people, esp of amusement
He winked at her and she knew he was only
pretending to be angry.
n. a winking movement
He left the room with a wink of the eye.
She gave me a wink.

72
mince

to lessen the force of , weaken, as by euphemism
If you do not mince your words, you tell sb sth,
unpleasant without making any effort to be polite
or to avoid upsetting them.
I never mince words, you know that. ????

73
torn---

tear---destroy the peace of
to divide with doubt, uncertainty, agitate,
torment
He was agitated and torn, not knowing what was
the right thing to do.
a heart torn by grief

74
swivel --- v. move round

The chair swiveled to the right when he tried it.
1) If you swivel or swivel round, you turn round
quickly, especially when you are in a sitting
position.
2) If you swivel your head or eyes in a
particular direction, you turn your head or eyes
in that direction, so that you can look at sth.

75
wax

increase in strength, size/ grow, extend, enlarge

76
wane

decrease , fail, diminish, sink
If sth waxes and wanes, it first increases and
then decreases over a period of time.
eg. My feelings for John wax and wane.
The popularity of the film stars waxed and waned.

77
comply

act on a accordance with a request, order etc.

78
bunch

collect, gather in bunches
(here) stand up

79
Deal

-- an arrangement to the advantage of both sides,
often in business
bargain, transaction

80
loom --- appear ????

to come into sight without a clear form, esp. in
a way that appears very large and unfriendly,
causing fear.
If sth. looms, it appears as a problem or event
that is approaching, or that will soon happen, a
rather literary use.
eg. This looms as a big question for many new
parents.

81
no small

Understatement---Restraint or lack of emphasis in
expression, as for rhetorical effect. .?????, ??
litotes --- A figure of speech consisting of an
understatement in which an affirmative is
expressed by negating its opposite, as in This
is no small problem. ???, ?????, ???
(?????????????, ?no easy ?? very difficult, not
bad ?? very good ?)

82
dimension

-- a measurement in any one direction, extent

83
wow-dow

-- (interjection) an exclamation of surprise,
wonder, pleasure etc

84
wince

-- to move suddenly as if drawing the body away
from sth unpleasant
She winced as she touched the cold body.
She winced (mentally) at his angry words.

85
chirp

-- make the short sharp sounds of small birds or
some insects, say or speak in a way that sounds
like this.
She chirped (out) her thanks.

86
doom

-- cause to experience or suffer sth unavoidable
and unpleasant such as death or destruction
From the start, the plan was doomed to failure
(to fail).
We are doomed to unhappiness.
He was doomed to be killed in a car crash.

87
-- proof

resistant to, make to give protection against
fire-proof
waterproof watch
a bullet-proof car
a sound-proof room

88
metaphor

Polly's mind -- the extinct crater of a volcano
extinct -- no longer burning
Her Intelligence -- embers ( ashes of a dying
fire) ??

89
crater

--- the round bowl-shaped mouth of a volcano

90
ember -- (usu. pl.)

a red-hot piece of wood or coal esp, in a fire
that is no longer burning with flames.

91
admittedly

-- by admission or general agreement
confessedly

92
prospect

-- future probabilities based on present
indications or analyses

93
hope

-- based on desire, with or without any
likelihood that the hoped for will happen or
materialize
Parents have high hopes for their children.
A man saves money in the hope that inflation will
not wipe it out.

94
appeal

-- to make a strong request for help, support,
mercy, beg
He appealed to his attacker for mercy.

95
blue-prints --

a photographic copy of a plan for making a
machine or building a house.
The plans for improving the educational system
have only reached the blueprint stage so far.

96
pitchblende --

n. ???? a dark shiny substance dug from the
earth, from which uranium and radium are
obtained.
fracture -- break, crack, split

97
hypothesis

-- an idea which is thought suitable to explain
the facts about sth.
an idea which is suggested as a possible
explanation for a particular situation or
condition, but which has not yet been proved to
be correct.
eg. People have proposed all kinds of hypothesis
about what these things are.

98
cute

1. clever, shrewd
2. pretty, attractive, esp in a dainty way

99
argue -- general word

a reasoned presentation of views or a heated
exchange of opinion amounting to a quarrel
They argued vociferously over who should pay the
bill.

100
argue

The MP argued his position with such cogency and
wit that even his opponents were impressed.
????????????????????????,????????????????

101
debate

-- argue formally, usually under the control of
a referee and according to a set of regulations.
The House of Commons debated the proposal for
three weeks.

102
hamstring

to cut the hamstring
destroying the ability to walk
a cord-like tendon at the back of the leg,
joining a muscle to a bone
claw-- scratch, clutch, as with claws (nails)
scrape -- scratch, cut the surface of slightly

103
Over and over

Over and over again I gave examples and pointed
out the mistakes in her thinking . I kept
emphasizing all this without stopping.
to hammer away to keep emphasizing or talking
about
let-up stopping, relaxing

104
She was a fit

Here the narrator described the role which he
thinks, a wife should play.
well-heeled (American slang) rich, prosperous

105
fashion -- v.

to shape or make (sth) into or out of sth.
usually with one's hands or with only a few tools
a hat out a leaves
some leave into a hat

106
The time had come

The time had come to change our relationship from
that of teacher and student to that of lovers.
academic scholastic educational of
students,teachers.
romantic of lovemaking or courting

107
constellation

-- a group of fixed stars often having a name
Languish
-- become or be lacking in strength or will
shambling
-- walking awkwardly, dragging the feet

108
hulk

a heavy, awkward person

109
surge --

1) move esp. forward, in or like powerful waves.
The crowd surged past him.
2) (of feeling) to arise powerfully
Anger surged (up) within him.

110
darn -- damn (euph) adv.

used for giving force to an expression, good or
bad
a fool
He ran damn fast.

111
croak --

speak with a rough voice as if one has a sore
throat, utter in a deep, hoarse tone.

112
playful---

A playful action or remark is light-hearted and
friendly rather than serious or hostile.

113
That did it. --

That was the final straw. That made me lose my
patience.
That make me lose my self-control
This idiomatic phrase is used very often in
English and the meaning depends largely on the
context in which it is used.

114
That did it. --

"that" -- what has gone before "Polly's last
answer"
"it" -- the result or consequence brought about
by "that"

115
bellow

-- roar with a reverberating sound as a bull cry
out loudly, as in anger

116
reel back

-- step away suddenly and unsteadily, as after a
blow or shock
When she hit him, he reeled back and almost
fell.

117
overcome -- be overwhelmed

If you are overcome by a feeling, you feel it
very strongly
I was overcome by a sense of failure.
He was overcome with astonishment.

118
infamy

wicked behavior, public dishonor, being shameful/
disgraceful
infamous
well known for wicked, evil behavior.
infamous action, wicked, shameful, disgraceful

119
rat -- metaphor (Am. sl.)

used for describing a sneaky, contemptible person.

120
modulate

adjust, vary the pitch, intensity of the voice
Some people are able to modulate their voices
according to the size of the room in which they
speak.

121
jitterbug --

1. a quick active popular dance of the 1940's
2. a person who did this sort of dance
Am. sl.
a person who is very nervous
jitters -- n.
jittery -- adj. nervous, unstable

122
Frankenstein

The young student in Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
(1797--1851) romance of that name (1818), a
classic horror story. Frankenstein made a
soulless monster out of corpses from church-yards
and dissecting-rooms and endued (??)it with life
by galvanism.(????) The tale shows the creature
longed for sympathy, but was shunned (??) by
everyone and became the instrument of dreadful
retribution (??)on the student who usurped the
prerogative (??)of the creator
http//frankenstein.monstrous.com/

123
The main idea of this lesson

It is about a law student who tries to marry the
girl after suitable re-education, but he's been
too clever for his own good.
The narrator, Dobie Gillis, a freshman in a law
school, is the protagonist

124
Protagonist

a law school student
very young
clever
over-conceited -- cool, logical, keen,
calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute,
powerful, precise, penetrating

125
Antagonists

1. Petey Burch -- pitiful, dump, roommate,
faddist
2. Polly Espy --- beautiful, gracious, stupid

126
III. Organizational Pattern

4 sections
Sect. I para 1-3
It is the author's note.
1. The author's idea about this story.
2. The author's idea about the purpose of this
story.

127
III. Organizational Pattern

Sect II para. 4 --59
the bargain between the law student and his
roommate over the exchange of the girl,

128
III. Organizational Pattern

sub-divisions
1) p4 introduction of the narrator --
protagonist
2) p5-21 introduction of the first antagonist --
Petey Burch
He downgrades his roommate, who has nothing
upstairs.
3) p22 -- 27 introduction of he second
antagonist -- Polly Espy

129
III. Organizational Pattern

4) p 28--40 sounding out / finding out the
relationship between Petey and Polly.
5) p.40 --59 unethical transaction over Polly
The student gives the raccoon coat the roommate
wants, and his roommate gives his girl friend in
return. They have a kind of deal.

130
III. Organizational Pattern

Sect III. para 60 -- 124
the teaching of 8 logical fallacies
10 sub-divisions
1. p60 --61
a survey, first date with the girl, first
impression of the girl. He tries to find out how
stupid she is.

131
III. Organizational Pattern

2. p62 -- 74 the teaching of Dicto Simpliciter
3. P75 -- 79 the teaching of Hasty
Generalization
4. p80--85 Post Hoc
5. p86 --96 Contradictory Premises
6. p97--98 interposition, He wants to give the
girl back.

132
III. Organizational Pattern

7. p99 --104 Ad Misericordiam
8. p105--108 False Analogy
9. p109-- 114 Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
10.p 115--124 Poisoning the Well

133
III. Organizational Pattern

Sect.IV. para125 the ending of the story
backfiring of all the arguments
The girl learns her lessons too well. She uses
all the logical fallacies to fight back her
teacher.

134
Pay attention to the change of his emotions

1. favoring her with a smile
2. chuckled with amusement
3. chuckled with somewhat less amusement
4. forcing a smile/ ground my teeth
5. croaked, dashed perspiration from my brow
6. bellowing like a bull

135
IV. The chief attraction of this lesson

It's humor
The whole story is a piece of light, humorous
satire, satirizing a smug, self-conceited
freshman in a law school.

136
IV. the chief attraction of this lesson

Why
1) the title
The title is humorous. The writer wants the
readers to conclude that "love" is an error, a
deception and an emotion that does not follow the
principles of logic.

137
IV. the chief attraction of this lesson

2) the author's note
"spongy", "limp", "flaccid" are specific
characteristics of his essay. He is joking, which
indicates that the whole story is humorous.
3) the contrast --
the law student the girl Petey
boasting himself ----- downgrading the others
the student ---- the girl

138
IV. the chief attraction of this lesson

4) the ending of the story
the raccoon coat which the law student despises
and give it to his roommate for the exchange of
his girl friend has finally become the rootcause
of his losing his girl friend.
5) the clever choice of the names
Pettey ---- pity
Espy ---- I spy

139
V. Language features

1. American colloquialism
2. Informal style
short sentences
elliptical sentences --- to increase the tempo
of the story
dashes
3. rhetorical devices

140
V. Language features

4. sharp contrast in the language
1) the law student uses ultra learned terms
standard English
100 correct
2) clipped vulgar forms, slang words
gee, magnif, terrif, pshaw,
5. inverted sentences

141
V. Language features

What effect does the language have on the
readers
1. vivid
2. colorful
3. informal

142
Exercise

1. Fads enjoy very brief popularity, which
fashions are likely to be longer-lasting. Also,
"fad" has a pejorative connotation. A fad is a
cheap sort of fashion, somewhat debased. To be
described as fashionable is a compliment.
However, to be swayed by fads is to show a
weakness for sudden and brief trends.

143
Exercise

2. "Incredible" means unbelievable. It comes from
the Latin "in" (not), and "credibitis"(credible).
"Incredulous" means disbelieving or skeptical. It
is not as strong as "incredible"

144
Exercise

3. "Eager suggests strong interest or desire.
"Passionate" is nearly the same but generally is
used in a more intense way, to express a degree
of emotion slightly greater than "eager".
4. "Feeling" and Emotions" are often considered
interchangeable, though "emotions" is often
considered the stronger word.

145
Exercise

5. "Revealed" is the better word here, with its
connotation of making known what has been kept
secret. "Showed" is a more general word and,
while acceptable, is not as precise.

146
Exercise

6. To be "inclined" is to be disposed to do
something, to have a tendency. To be tempted is
to be attracted to something in a strong way,
though again these two words are very close in
meaning, I would rate "tempted" as the stronger
verb.

147
Exercise

7. "Exasperation" is extreme annoyance or
irritation. "Disappointed" indicates a degree of
frustration less extensive than "exasperation".
Again the author has chosen the stronger of the
alternatives.

148
Exercise

8. Tolerant here implies endurance of Pollys
faults, an ability to endure her stupidity.
Indulgent means lenient( ???) , forgiving, and
the inner pain and difficulty implied by
"tolerant"

149
Exercise

9. Merriment is gay conviviality(??), and
hilarity(??). It is a much stronger word than
"amusement", which refers to being pleased or
entertained. Amusement is not so strong an
emotion as merriment.
10. Languish means to become weak or feeble, to
become listless. To suffer a lot is a vague,
broad term. Languish is a better word in this
case.

150
Ex. III.

1. It's humorous, thanks to the word "fallacy",
one commonly used in logic. The tale not only
gives us a clue of the nature of our narrator's
passion, but reflects on the fallacy of his own
love for Polly and fallacy in his seemingly
well-wrought plan.

151
Ex. III.

2. Para 4 is a good example of the author's
attitude toward himself. The audacious (brave)
pride is so great that we can quickly see it is a
parody. The author realizes that at 18 he felt
smarter than he really was -- he was blind to his
own ignorance. He makes fun of himself throughout.

152
Ex. III.

3. Its purpose is to entertain in a light-hearted
way. There is no pretence to teaching us
anything, but simply to give us a few chuckles.
This is hinted at in the author's note.
4. Pollys language is trendy( ???), inane(???),
vulgar(???), and meaningless. It illustrates,
until the end of the story. It shows the limits
of her weak mind.

153
Ex. III.

5. The narrator has learned logic as a subject in
school, when he tries to apply his knowledge to
real life, he fails miserably. He sees what goes
on in the classroom is divorced from real life.
He tries to make Polly forget the fallacies he
had taught her.
6. The topic sentence is "He was a torn man".
This idea is developed by a series of details
that describe Petey's confused state.

154
Ex. III.

7. Because he begged Polly's love, which was
refused. He was going to get the same result as
Frankenstein, who created a monster that
destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by
the beautiful statue he had fashioned. The
narrator's allusions come naturally, from his
experience. He has probably read Pygmalion and
Frankenstein for a college course, so the
allusions do seem apt.

155
Ex. III.

8. When the narrator finally succeeds in teaching
Polly, she learns logic too well and turns it
against him after his declaration of love. In her
decision to choose Petey she had used the logic
the narrator taught her. Had he not given away
his raccoon coat and taught her logic lessons he
might have had Polly as his own. The irony is
that he succeeded to well.

156
Ex. III.

keen --
It suggests unusual ability or perceptiveness
adding to them a vigorous forceful ability to
grass complex problem
1. The keen ears of the dog heard the sound long
before we did.
2. He exercised keen judgment to rescue the
drowning.
?????,??????????

157
calculating --

It means coldly planning and thinking about
future actions and esp. whether they will be good
or bad for oneself ???,???
He was regarded as a calculating man.
To Kate, calculating and cold, the most important
thing was power.

158
perspicacious -- fml.

It suggests one has or shows an unusual power or
ability of keen judgment and understanding ??,??
Tom's understanding to the matter is .
????????????????

159
perspicacious -- fml

These were the fundamental difficulties, but few
men were perspicacious enough to appreciate them.
????????,?????????????????

160
acute --

It suggests a sensitivity and receptivity to the
small differences that was not notices by others,
also implies a high-keyed state of nervous
attention that will not be lasting.
He is an acute observer and thinker.

161
astute --

It means clever and having a thorough or deep
understanding, stemming from a scholarly or
experienced mind that is full command of a given
field.
???????
He is astute and capable. ??????
They are astute financiers.
??????????????

162
intelligent