Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

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Chapter 3The Biological Bases of
BehaviorModule 7Neural and Hormonal Systems
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Neurons The building block of the nervous
system!

• The nervous system
• The electrochemical communication system of the
  body
• Sends messages from the brain to the body for
  movement
• Brings information to the brain from the senses

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Neuron

• The basic building block of the nervous system --
  a nerve cell
• Neurons perform three basic tasks
• Receive information
• Carry the information
• Pass the information on to the next neuron

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Neurons and firing

• Neurons fire -- send an impulse down their
  length -- or they dont fire
• Neurons come in a variety of shapes, sizes, etc.

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Parts of the Neuron - Terminals
Here are your choices terminal branches, axon,
soma, myelin sheath, neural impulse, dendrites
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Parts of the Neuron - Terminals
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Neural Communication The neural impulse

• Refractory period
• The recharging phase when a neuron, after
  firing, cannot generate another action potential
• Once complete the neuron can fire again
• Resting potential
• The state of a neuron when it is at rest and
  capable of generating an action potential
• The neuron is set and ready to fire

• Action potential
• A brief electrical charge that travels down the
  axon of the neuron.
• A neural impulse
• Considered an on condition of the neuron

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All-or-None Principle

• The principle that if a neuron fires it will
  always fire at the same intensity
• Either fires or it doesnt
• All action potentials are of the same strength.
• A neuron does NOT fire at 30, 45 or 90 but at
  100 each time it fires.

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Communication between Neurons

• Synapse
• The tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon
  terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of
  another neuron
• The action potential cannot jump the gap

• Neurotransmitters
• A chemical messenger that travels across the
  synapse from one neuron to the next
• Can influence whether the second neuron will
  generate an action potential or not

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Neurotransmitters
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Excitatory Effect Inhibitory Effect

• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more
  likely that the receiving neuron will generate an
  action potential (impulse)
• The second neuron is more likely to fire.

• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less
  likely that the receiving neuron will generate an
  action potential (impulse)
• The second neuron is less likely to fire.

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Neural Communication The Neural ChainReceptor
Cells Sensitory Nerves

• Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the
  body that can turn other kinds of energy into
  action potentials that the nervous system can
  process
• Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a
  neural impulse the brain understands.

• Nerves that carry information to the central
  nervous system
• Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal
  cord

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Interneurons Motor Nerves

• Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
  responsible for processing information related to
  sensory input and motor output

• Nerves that carry information from the central
  nervous system
• Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord
  to other parts of your body

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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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The Nervous System
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Central Nervous System (CNS)

• The brain and spinal cord
• The brain is the location of most information
  processing.
• The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from
  the brain.

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Spinal Cord
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• The sensory and motor nerves that connect the
  central nervous system to the rest of the body
• Peripheral means outer region
• Subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous
  systems.

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System

• The division of the peripheral nervous system
  that controls the bodys skeletal muscles
• Contains the motor nerves needed for the
  voluntary muscles

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System

• Controls the glands and muscles of the internal
  organs
• Monitors the autonomic functions
• Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive
  processes
• Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic
  nervous systems

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System

• In charge of arousal
• To let body deal with perceived threats
• Fight or flight response

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System

• The part of the autonomic nervous system that
  calms the body
• Brings the body back down to a relaxed state

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Endocrine System

• Module 7 Neural and Hormonal Systems

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Endocrine System

• One of the bodys two communication systems
• Slower to awaken, slower to shut down
• A set of glands that produce hormones

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Hormone

• Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine
  glands and circulated in the blood
• Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are
  also messengers
• Slower communication system, but with longer
  lasting effects

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Pituitary Gland

• The endocrine systems gland that controls the
  other endocrine glands
• Master gland (size of pea)
• Located at the base of the brain and connects to
  the hypothalamus

• Brain gets this gland to release hormones that
  stimulate/inhibit release of other hormones.
• Also releases hormones related to physical growth
  and pregnancy.

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Endocrine System
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Thyroid Gland

• Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy
  level in the body
• Located in the neck

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Endocrine System
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Adrenal Gland

• Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in
  times of stress
• Located just above the kidneys
• Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and
  norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
• Enhance strength and endurance in emergency
  situations

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Endocrine System
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Pancreatic Gland

• Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood

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Endocrine System
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Sex Glands

• Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the
  glands that influence emotion and physical
  development.
• Testosterone primary males hormone
• Estrogen primary female hormone
• Males and females have both estrogen and
  testosterone in their systems.

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Endocrine System
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The End