Chapter 12 Population Growth and Urbanization

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Chapter 12Population Growth and Urbanization
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Myth or Fact?

• The most important factor in controlling world
  population growth is technology, especially
  contraception.
• U.S. cities are segregated because whites and
  non-whites dont want to live in the same
  neighborhoods.

• The U.S. achieved zero population growth when the
  birthrate dropped below replacement rate in the
  1970s.
• Suburban growth in the U.S. began because people
  wanted larger homes and more land.

Myth
Myth
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Studying Population

• Population
• Total number of people inhabiting a particular
  geographic area at a specific time
• Demography
• Study of the size, composition and distribution
  of human populations
• How these factors change over time

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Elements of Demographic Change

• Fertility
• Actual number of children born
• Crude birth ratethe number of live births a year
  per 1,000 in a population
• Fecunditythe biological maximum number of
  children a woman could bear
• Mortality
• Number of deaths in a population
• Crude death ratetotal number of deaths a year
  per 1,000 in a population
• Infant mortalityrate of death among infants
  under 1 year
• Life Expectancy
• Average number of years people can expect to live
• Rate of natural increase
• The difference between crude birth and death
  rates
• Migration
• Permanent change of residence
• Immigrationmovement into a country
• Emigrationmovement out of a country

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Global Fertility Rates
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Global Life Expectancy
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Global Infant Mortality Rates
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Global Migration
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World Population Growth
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• Doubling time
• Years required for world population to double

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Population Growth
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Population Projections
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Population Growth and Industrialization
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U.S. Population Projections
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World Population Trends

• Demographic transition
• Changing patterns of birth and death rates
  brought about by industrialization
• Demographic gap
• Gap between high birth rates and low death rates
• Carrying capacity
• The upper-size limit imposed on a population by
  its environmental resources
• And that cannot be exceeded

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Four Stages of Demographic Transition
Preindustrial Stage High Birth Rates and High
Death Rates
Early Industrial Stage High Birth Rates and
Declining Death Rates
Industrial Stage Declining Death Rates and
Declining Birth Rates
Postindustrial Stage Low Birth Rates and Low
Death Rates
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Demographic Transition
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NOVAWorld in the Balance The Population
Paradox

• Video Presentation

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Perspectives on Population Growth

• Functionalism
• Thomas Malthus Essay on the Principles of
  Population
• Concern about population boom in Europe during
  Industrial Revolution
• The Malthusian Theorem
• Food production growth is additive
• Population growth is exponential
• The Malthusian Trap
• Population growth as a social problem
• Relationship between population growth and
  exhaustion of available resources

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Perspectives on Population Growth

• Conflict Theory
• Population problems due to inequitable
  distribution of resources
• Rather than lack of resources
• Population as a social problem
• When those in control artificially limit the
  available resources
• In order to benefit one group or make a profit
• Interactionism
• Population a social problem
• Focus on subjective experience of reality
• Related to definitions about what is desirable or
  essential

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Consequences of World Population Growth
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Consequences of Population Growth

• Crowding
• Associated with other social problems
• Poverty, violence, crime
• Food shortages
• Efforts focused on sea, farmland and yield
  increases
• The Green Revolution
• Biotechnology and modified species
• Depletion of resources
• Shortages of fossil fuels
• Inter-group conflict
• Competition for scarce resources
• Space and food

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Future Prospects Population Problems

• Zero Population Growth
• Nearly equal birth and death rates
• Produce a zero rate of natural increase
• Family Planning
• Reproductive choices
• Programs to change culture and values
• Economic Development
• In developing countries
• Urbanization, education, rising standards of
  living
• Incentives
• Usually economic
• Tax breaks, trust funds
• Status of Women
• Promote greater equality
• Education, employment, political participation

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The History of Cities

• All humans organize lives into communities
• Groups of people who share
• A common territory
• Sense of identity or belonging
• Who interact with one another
• Cities are
• Relatively large, permanent communities
• Reliant on surrounding agricultural communities
  for food supply
• History of communities
• Ancient small bands of hunter-gatherers
• 8,000 BC larger villages with cultivation and
  domestication
• 500 BC large cities

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The Growth of Cities

• Urbanization
• Process whereby cities grow and societies become
  more urban
• Industrialization (18th19th century)
• Change in the U.S.
• 1800 6 lived in cities
• 2000 80 lived in cities
• Suburbs
• On the outskirts of cities
• Less densely populated
• Primarily residential
• Suburbanization
• Government policies (1930s)
• Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
• Veterans Administration (VA)
• Economy and technology (1940s-50s)
• Change in U.S.
• 1970 75 of suburban residents both live and
  work in suburbs
• 2000 60 of urban population lives in suburbs

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Urban/Rural Makeup of U.S.
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How Urban Is Your State?
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Urban Density in the U.S. (2006)

• Population per square mile
• U.S. average 79
• Rural area average 15
• Urban density
• Minneapolis 1,800
• Portland 3,000
• Los Angeles 8,000
• Philadelphia 10,000
• Chicago 12,000
• San Francisco 15,000
• Isla Vista 18,000 (per ½ sq. mile)
• New York City 27,000 (Manhattan 70,000)

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Urban Density in the U.S.
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Shrinking and Growing Cities
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Global Cities 1,000,000 residents
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Global Megacities 1975-2015
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NOVAWorld in the Balance China Revs Up

• Video Presentation

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Problems in Cities in the U.S.

• Economic Decline
• Housing
• Segregation
• Crime
• Educational Problems

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Problems in Cities in the U.S.

• Economic Decline
• Flight of people and jobs from cities
• Financial collapse of cities in Northeast and
  Midwest
• Housing
• Deterioration and abandonment of neighborhoods
• Inadequate affordable housing
• Segregation
• Ghetto
• A neighborhood inhabited largely by members of a
  single ethnic or racial group
• Exacerbates poverty, racial tensions
• Crime
• The larger the city, the higher the crime rate
• More likely in inner-cities where poor and
  minorities live
• Educational Problems
• Poor communities cannot afford expenses

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Urban Flight
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Perspectives on Urbanization

• Functionalism
• Urban conditions become social problems
• When they become dysfunctional
• When they lead to social disorganization
• Conflict Theory
• Urban conditions become social problems
• Due to social inequality
• Inner-city residents have little economic and
  political power
• Interactionism
• Urban conditions become social problems
• When defined subjectively
• Urban conditions worsened in 1980s-90s

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Future Prospects Urban Problems

• Federal Grants and Programs
• Urban renewal and community block grants
• Rebuild blighted areas
• Provide low-cost housing
• Stimulate private investment
• Private Investment
• Focus on making cities a better places to live
• Enterprise zones
• Community Development
• Combines private and public resources
• Involves community stakeholders in planning
• Resettlement of Cities
• Encouraging homeowners to move back to cities
• Urban homesteading
• Gentrification
• Regional Planning and Cooperation
• Many problems benefit from regional decision
  making