Chapter 14: Taxonomy

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Chapter 14 Taxonomy

• The Naming of Organisms

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What is taxonomy?

• The study of how living things are classified.

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Why is classification important?

• Its a way to keep track of the natural world
  and how things relate to one another.

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Many, many organisms exist!

• Plants
• Animals
• Protists
• Fungi
• Bacteria

• 900,000 species
• 2,000,000 species
• 60,000 species
• 7,000 species
• 12,000 species

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Other reasons why classification is important.

• Easier to study when organisms are grouped.
• Grouping is based on features in common!
• Organization is important in everyday life

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Who developed the current system of
classification?

• Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century (mid 1700s)
• Swedish botanist gave each organism a 2 part
  name.

Homo sapiens
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Modern system of classification is based on seven
levels

• Kingdom largest and most general
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species/Trivial smallest and most specific

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Modern system of classification is based on seven
levels

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Animalia
• Chordata
• Mammalia
• Primata
• Hominidae
• Homo
• sapien

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Kingdom The largest there are 6 kingdoms!

• Plant - Plantae
• Animal Animalia
• Fungi
• Protist Protista plant-like animals
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria

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Archaebacteria Kingdom

• Prokaryotes ancient
• One-celled unicellular
• No nucleus!
• Have cell walls that lack peptidoglycans.

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Archaebacteria Kingdom

• Live in extreme environments volcanic hot
  springs, brine pools and black organic mud that
  lacks O2.
• Thermophiles prefer heat
• Halophiles thrive in salty ponds
• Methanogens are anaerobic live in areas w/o
  O2.

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Kingdom Eubacteria

• Prokayotes
• Have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan
• True bacteria (blue-green algae) E. coli

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Protist Kingdom

• Eukaryotes
• Most are unicellular (few multicellular)
• Nucleus
• Some synthesize food (have chlorophyll, no
  chloroplast)
• Examples Ameobas, Paramecium, Euglenas

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Fungi Kingdom

• Eukaryotes
• Most multicellular (few single)
• Cell walls made of chitin
• No chlorophyll (absorb food)
• Examples Yeast, molds, and mushrooms

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Plant Kingdom

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Has chloroplasts (autotrophic)
• Cell walls w/ chloroplasts made of cellulose
• Examples Oak tree, daisy, rose

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Animal Kingdom

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Cant make food (heterotrophic)
• No cell walls
• Examples man, horse, pig, insect, etc

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Latin!!!!

• Latin is the primary language used in the
  classification system because
• Universal language
• No country speaks Latin
• Prevents colloquialisms (backyard names)
• Names are never duplicated
• Names show systematic relationship to other
  organisms

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Colloquialism

• Same animal, different name
• Example Felis concolor Panther, Mountain Lion,
  Mountain Screamer, Devil Cat, Varmint, Brown
  Tiger, Red Tiger, Silver Cat, Demon Cat, Nittany
  Lion
• Interesting Fact The Pittsburgh Panther and the
  Penn State Nittany Lion are really the same
  animal!!

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How do we name organisms?

• Using a Binomial System Two word naming system.
• Involves using the genus name and the
  species/trivial name. (Always underlined or in
  italics!)

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Rules for Naming

• Genus species
• Noun Adjective
• Capitalized Lowercase

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Scientific names of common animals

• Man
• Lion
• Cat
• Dog
• Housefly

• Homo sapiens
• Felis leo
• Felis domestica
• Canis familiaris
• Musca domestica

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What is the basis for classification?

• Structure
• Genetics
• Embryology