CERAMICS

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King Fahd University of Petroleum
Minerals Mechanical Engineering Department ME 205
0102 MATERIALS SCIENCE Fall Semester
2006-2007 (061) Instructor Mr. Muhammad
Younas Office 22-206 Phone 3049
Office Hours SMW ( 900-950 AM ) UT (
1100-1150 AM ) E-mail
myounasa_at_kfupm.edu.sa
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Textbook Callister, W.D., Materials
Science and Engineering 6th Ed.,
2003
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Lecture Schedule
Lecture Lecture Topic Section
1 Classification of Materials, Materials of Future 1.4, 1.6
2 The Periodic Table, Bonding Forces and Energies. 2.4,2.5
3 Primary and Secondary Bonds. 2.6, 2.7
4 Crystal Structures, Unit Cells. 3.2,3.3
5 Metallic Crystal Structures, Density Computation. 3.4,3.5
6 Polymorphism, Crystal systems, Point coordinates 3.6,3.7, 3.8
7 Crystallographic Directions, Crystallographic Planes. 3.9, 3.10
8 Linear and Planar Atomic Densities. 3.11
9 Closed Packed Crystal Structures, Single Crystals, Polycrystalline Materials, Anisotropy. 3.12, 3.13, 3.14,3.15
10 Imperfection in Solids, Point Defects, Vacancies and Self-interstitials, Impurities in Solids. Specification of composition 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
11 Dislocations-Linear Defects, Interfacial Defects (external surface grain boundaries only). 4.5, 4.6
EXAM 1 Sunday October 29, 2006 _at_ 700 900 PM EXAM 1 Sunday October 29, 2006 _at_ 700 900 PM EXAM 1 Sunday October 29, 2006 _at_ 700 900 PM
12 Diffusion, Introduction, Diffusion Mechanisms. 5.1,5.2
13 Steady-State Diffusion. 5.3
14 Non-Steady State Diffusion. Factors that influence Diffusion. 5.4, 5.5
15 Mechanical Properties of Metals, Elastic Deformation, Concepts of Stress and Strain. 6.2
16 Stress-Strain Behavior, Elastic Properties of Materials. 6.3, 6.5
17 Plastic Deformation, Tensile Properties. 6.6
18 Tensile Properties 6.6
19 True Stress-True Strain, Elastic Recovery During Plastic Deformation. 6.7, 6.8
20 Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms, Basic concepts, Characteristics of Dislocations. 7.2, 7.3
21 Slip Systems. 7.4
22 Slip in Single Crystals, Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials. 7.5, 7.6
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Lecture Lecture Topic Section
23 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction, Solid Solution Strengthening, Strain Hardening. 7.8, 7.9, 7.10
24 Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain growth. 7.11, 7.12, 7.13
EXAM 2 November 29, 2006 _at_ 530 730 PM EXAM 2 November 29, 2006 _at_ 530 730 PM EXAM 2 November 29, 2006 _at_ 530 730 PM
25 Phase Diagram, Solubility Limit, Phases, Microstructure, Phase Equilibria. 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
26 Binary Iso-morphous System 9.6,9.7
27 Interpretation of Phase diagram 9.7, 9.8
28 Binary Eutectic Phase Diagrams, Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 9.10, 9.11
29 Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram, Development of Microstructure in in Iron-Carbon Alloys, The influence of other alloying elements 9.17, 9.18, 9.18
30 Review class
Final Exam Final Exam Final Exam
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Grading Policy 1) Home works 05 2)
Quizzes 10 3) Lab. Work 15 4) Exam
1 15 5) Exam 2 20 6) Final Exam
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(No Transcript)
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CLASS ATTENDANCE
Attendance in the class will be strictly observed
starting first day of classes. IN CASE OF AN
UNEXCUSED ABSENCE, 0.5 POINT WILL BE DEDUCTED
FROM FINAL GRADE. A DN grade will be immediately
reported for SIX (6) unexcused absences. A DN
grade will be immediately reported if both
unexcused and excused absences reach TEN (10)
absences.
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Materials Science and Engineering

• Material Science
• Involves investigating the relationships that
  exist between the structures and properties of
  materials.
• Materials Engineering
• On the basis of structure-property correlations,
  involves designing or engineering the structure
  of a material to produce a predetermined set of
  properties.

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Materials Science and Engineering (Contd.)

• The structure of a material usually relates to
  the arrangement of its internal components.
• Subatomic structure involves electrons within the
  individual atoms and interactions with their
  nuclei.
• On an atomic level, structure encompasses the
  organization of atoms or molecules relative to
  one another.
• Microscopic structure contains large groups of
  atoms that are normally agglomerated together and
  subject to direct observation using some type of
  microscope.
• Macroscopic structure meaning structural elements
  that may be viewed with naked eye.

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Materials Science and Engineering (Contd.)

• Property is a material trait in terms of the kind
  and magnitude of response to a specified imposed
  stimulus. It is independent of shape and size.
• Six categories of material properties
• Mechanical properties relate deformation to an
  applied load or force examples include elastic
  modulus and strength.
• For electrical properties, such as electrical
  conductivity and dielectric constant, the
  stimulus is an electric field.
• The thermal behavior can be represented in terms
  of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.
• Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a
  material to the application of a magnetic field.
• For optical properties, the stimulus is
  electromagnetic or light radiation index of
  refraction and reflectivity are representative
  optical properties.
• Deteriorative characteristics indicate the
  chemical reactivity of materials.

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Materials Science and Engineering (Contd.)

• Four components involved in the science and
  engineering of materials, and their
  interrelationship
• Processing gt Structure gt Properties gt
  Performance

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Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?

• Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether
  mechanical, civil, electrical, or electrical,
  will at one time or another be exposed to a
  design problem involving materials.
• Examples gear, building, oil refinery component,
  or an integrated circuit chip.
• Selection considerations
• 1. The in-service conditions must be
  characterized, for this will dictate the
  properties required of the material.
• 2. Any deterioration of material properties
  that may occur during service operation. For
  example, significant reductions in mechanical
  strength may result from exposure to elevated
  temperatures or corrosive environment.
• 3. Economics A material may be found that has
  the ideal set of properties but is prohibitively
  expensive.

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CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
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Major Classes Of Materials

• 1.   METALS
• 2.   CERAMICS
• 3.   POLYMERS
• 4.   COMPOSITES
• 5.   ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
• 6. BIO MATERIALS

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BASIS OF MATERIAL CLASSIFICATIONS

• Chemical Makeup
• Atomic Bonding
• Atomic Arrangement
• Characteristic Physical Properties
• Characteristic Mechanical Properties

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METALS

• Distinguishing Features
• o      Atoms arranged in a regular repeating
  manner.
• o      Relatively High Strength.
• o      High Density.
• o      Ductile.
• o      Excellent conductors of Electricity and
  Heat.
• o      Opaque to visible light.
• o      Shiny appearance.

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APPLICATIONS OF METALS

• Electrical wiring
• Buildings, Structures, Bridges etc.
• Automobiles body, chassis, engine block,
  springs, etc.
• Air planes engines, fuselage (airplane body),
  landing gears, etc.
• Trains rails, engines, body, wheels
• Machines
• Machine tools drills, hammers, saw blades, nuts,
  bolts, etc.
• Industrial Plant components, structures
• Magnets

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METALLIC MATERIAL EXAMPLES

• Pure Metals
• Cu, Fe, Zn, Al, Ag, Au, Cr, Ni, Sn, etc
• Alloys
• Steel, Brass, Stainless Steels, etc.

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CERAMICS

• Distinguishing Features
• Most have a regular arrangement of atoms (except
  glasses)
• Compounds of Metallic and Non-Metallic elements
• Density lower than Metals
• Stronger than Metals
• Low resistance to Fracture
• Brittle (low ductility)
• High Melting Points
• Poor Conductors of Electricity and Heat

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APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS

• Electrical Insulators
• Thermal Insulations and Coatings
• Abrasives
• Glasses (windows, TV screens, Optical fibers
• Cement, Concrete
• Ceramic tiles for space shuttles
• Furnace Lining bricks

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CERAMIC MATERIAL EXAMPLES

• Diamond, Graphite
• Glasses
• Building Materials
• Oxides (SiO2, Al2O3)
• Carbide Tools (WC, TiC)

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POLYMERS

• Distinguishing Feature
• Composed Primarily of C and H (hydrocarbons)
• Low Melting Points
• Some partly crystalline, Most are not
• Most are poor conductors of Electricity and Heat
• Many have high plasticity
• Some are transparent, most are opaque

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APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS

• Adhesives and Glues
• Plastic products (plastic pipes, bottles, house
  hold utensils, etc.)
• Coatings and Paints
• Solid Lubricants (Teflon)
• Rubber Products (gaskets, seals, and o-rings)
• Clothing and furniture coverings (leather, nylon)

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EXAMPLES OF POLYMER MATERIALS

• PVC (Poly Vinyl Chlorides)
• PE (Poly ethylene)
• PC (Poly Carbonates)
• Teflon
• Nylon

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COMPOSITES

• Distinguishing Features
• Composed of Two or More Different Materials
• Strong, Light weight, Good resistance to fracture
• High stiffness and good deformability
• Collection of good Properties of each material
  used

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APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

• Aerospace, Marine, Automotive
• Sporting Goods
• Storage Tanks (water, fuel, chemicals)
• Transport Piping (oil, seawater, sewage)

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EXAMPLES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

• PMCs (polymer matrix composites)
• Fiber Glass, Concrete)
• MMCs (Metal Matrix Composites)
• CMCs (Ceramic Matrix Composites)

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The bridge in the picture is built entirely from
composite material. Weighs one-tenth of the
conventional concrete bridge. It took only 18
hours to assemble the bridge.
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MATERIALS OF FUTURE

• SMART MATERIALS
• Shape Memory Alloys
• Piezoelectric ceramics
• MEMS (Micro-Electrical Mechanical Systems)
• NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Materials by design
• Carbon Nanotubes (500 atom diameters)