??????(On Professional Writings Using English)

1
??????(On Professional Writings Using English)

• ??? (Jyh-tong Teng)????????????????????

2
?? (Outline)

• 1.? ? (Introduction)
• 2.??????? (Punctuations)
• 3.??????? (Mechanical Conventions)
• 4.??????? (Transitions)
• 5.??????? (Technical Article Writing)
• 6.??????? (Common Errors)
• 7.? ? (Conclusions)

3
1.? ? (Introduction)

• ???85????????????
• ????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????

4
2.??????? (Punctuations)

• Summarized from Judith S. Vanalstyne,
  Professional and Technical Writing Communication
  in Technology and Science, Sixth Edition,
  Prentice-Hall International, Inc., 2004
• 2-1 Apostrophe (?????)
• for the plural of letters, numbers, symbols, and
  cited words
• Your rs look like your ns. You use
  too many ands.
• the 2000s (2000s)

5
2-2 Colon (??)

• for a formal salutation
• Dear Mr. Wang Gentlemen
• for introducing a phrase or clause which explains
  or reinforces a proceeding sentence or clause
• The position sounds attractive high salary,
  moderate amount of work, and close to home.

6

• for a clause which contains an anticipatory
  expression (the following, as follows, thus,
  these) and directs attention to a series of
  explanatory words, phrases, or clauses.
• The requirements for the master degree are as
  follows
• 1.twenty-four units of class work,
• 2.a master thesis, and
• 3.no more than four years of study.

7

• for expression ratios, for separating hours and
  minutes, and for indicating other relationships
• 51 signal noise
• AB 1020 P.M.
• 1250-55 (Vol. 12, pp. 50-55)

8
2-3 Comma (??)

• for compound and compound-complex sentence
• a. for separating independent clauses joined by a
  coordinating conjunction
• Nearly everyone has heard of love at first
  sight, but I fell in love at first dance.
• b. after an introductory dependent clause
• When Peter was ready to write, his pen ran out
  of the ink.

9

• c. after a conjunctive adverb introducing a
  coordinate clause
• The system is easy to use however, we suggest
  that you read the directions carefully.

10
On Coordinate (??) and Subordinate (??) Clauses

• 1. Coordinate Clauses
• 1.a Independent (??) clause , and independent
  clause.
• , but
• , for
• , nor
• , or
• , so
• , yet

11

• 1.b Independent clause independent clause.
• 1.c Independent clause consequently,
  independent clause.
• further,
• hence,
• however,

12

• indeed,
• in fact,
• likewise,
• moreover,
• nevertheless,
• rather,
• then,
• therefore,
• thus,

13

• 2. Subordinate Clauses
• After dependent (??) clause,
• independent clause.
• Although
• As
• Because
• Before
• If
• Since
• Until
• When
• While

14

• for separating items in a series
• These instructions will teach you how to
  create, edit, or proofread a file.
• Note The comma is often omitted in company
  names
• Jones, Smith and Woods
• for separating a series of adjectives or adverbs
  not connected by a conjunction
• The computer blinked haphazardly, noisily.

15

• in a date to separate the day and year
• October 8, 2000
• the December 1, 2000, deadline
• Note Do not use a comma in the military or
  British form 8 April 2000
• for grouping numbers into units of three in
  separating thousands, millions, and so forth
  7,890 85,386 8,476,235
• for the salutation of an informal letter or the
  complimentary close of most letter Dear
  Joseph, Sincerely yours, Cordially,

16

• for expressions that introduce direct quotations
• The President said, We must fight back the
  financial blockages set up by the competing
  businesses.

17
2-4 Dash (???)

• for setting off emphatic and abrupt parenthetical
  expressions
• The idea of this program it has been tested
  thoroughly is to simplify spelling correction.
• for marking sharp turns in thought
• He was an arrogant man with little to be
  arrogant about.

18
2-5 Ellipsis (three spaced periods) (???)

• for indicating any omission in quoted material
• Martin stressed, The technical writer must
  master punctuation.
• (The words as well as professional writer have
  been omitted.)
• for indicating the ellipsis (four periods)
  at the end of a sentence
• The consultant stressed, Write carefully .
• (The words and edit endlessly have been
  omitted.)

19
2-6 Parentheses (?????)

• for enclosing an abruptly introduced
  qualification or definition within a sentence
• You may place your program diskette in drive A
  and your storage diskette (the one with your file
  on it) in drive B.
• for enclosing figures or letters to enumerate
  points
• To use this program (a) insert your DOS
  diskette in drive A, (b) turn on your computer,
  (c) type in the date, and (d) press the Enter
  key.

20
2-7 Period (??)

• for an outline (?????)
• I. Analysis
• I.1 Assumptions
• I.2 Theoretical Development
• I.2.1 Conservation Laws
• I.2.2 Constitutive Equations
• I.3 Perturbation Method

21
2.8 Question Mark (??)

• at the end for an interrogative question
• Do you own a personal computer?
• Note Do not use one after an indirect question.
• He asked me if I owned a personal computer.

22
2-9 Quotation Marks (??)

• for setting off direct speech and material quoted
  from other sources
• Dr. Jack Chen writes, "Before . Most
  doctors, he points out, forbade to the
  refrigerators.

23
2-10 Semicolon (??)

• for used in compound and complex sentences
• for used between coordinate clauses not connected
  by a conjunction
• The new system will use low-powered
  transmitters it is called cellular radio.
• for before a conjunctive adverb including a
  coordinate clause
• The system is easy to use however, we suggest
  that you read the directions carefully.

24

• for before a coordinating conjunction introducing
  a long or loosely related clause
• Niobium, which is an alloy, is a metallic
  element that without losing strength and it is
  widely available .
• in a series for separating elements containing
  commas
• J. Chen, member of the board P. Wang, president
  C. Chang, committee chairperson and I attended
  the conference.

25
3. ??????? (Mechanical Conventions)

• Summarized from Professional and Technical
  Writing Strategies by Judith S. VanAlstyne, Sixth
  Edition, Prentice-Hall International, Inc., 2004
• 3-1 Abbreviations (???)
• Explain the first time you use it
• He has worked for the Department of
  Transportation (DOT) and the Office of Mental
  Health (OMH).

26

• Omit most internal and terminal punctuation in
  abbreviations
• BTU (Btu) lb psi ft DNA rpm
• Use internal and external punctuation if the
  abbreviation forms another words
• in. A.M. gal. No.
• Use uppercase (capital) letters for acronyms and
  degree scales
• NASA VHF OEM oC oF K R
• Use lowercase (small) letters for units of
• measure gph cc rpm mph bps

27

• Write the plural in the same form as the singular
• 20 in. 47 lb 5 hr 30 gph 10 cc
• 3-2 Capitalization (???)
• Capitalize all proper nouns (????)
• Jack Wang Ace Electronic Company Professor
  David Chu
• National Basketball Association
  (NBA) Introduction to Communication Monday
  November the Civil War
• a Honda Civic
• Capitalize adjectives derived from proper nouns
  Elizabethan Victorian Reaganomics

28

• Capitalize words like street, avenue,
  corporation, and college when they accompany a
  proper name
• Powell Street Seventy-Second Street
• Ace Company, Inc. Harvard University
• Chabot Community College
• Capital north, east, midwest, near east, and so
  on when the word denotes a specific location
• the South the Midwest the Near East
• 105 Northwest Second Street
• Capitalize brand names
• Kleenex tissues Scotch tape

29
3-3 Hyphenation (???)

• Use between some compound names for family
  relationship
• Hyphenated brother-in-laws company
• One word my stepfathers portfolio
• Two words my half brother
• Use hyphen in compound numbers from twenty-one to
  ninety-nine and in fractions
• twenty-five cartons fifty-eight years
• three-fourths of the book
• one-tenth meter

30

• Use hyphen after the prefixes all-, ex-,
  self-, and before the suffix -elect
• all-American ex-wife self-contained preside
  nt-elect
• Use hyphen in some compound nouns
• kilowatt-hour foot-pound
• Use in compound adjectives when the letter
  precedes the word it modifies
• alternating-current (ac) motor
• closed-circuit television
• high-pressure system
• easy-to-build model

31

• Use between a number and a unit of measure when
  they modify a noun
• 6-inch ruler 12-volt charge a
  3-week-old prescription
• 3-4 Italics (???)
• Use italics (underline in handwritten or typed
  material) to indicate the names of books,
  newspapers, and other complete works published
  separately
• the book Introduction to Boxing the magazine
  Time
• the movie Gone With The Wind

32

• Use to indicate the names of ships and planes
• the H.M.S. (His or Her Majestys Ship) Ark
  Royal
• the U.S.S. (United State Ship) Independence
• Use to indicate words, symbols used as words, and
  foreign words which are not in general English
  usage
• Note Do not italicize foreign expressions which
  are established as part of the English language,
  such as a priori (???) bona fide (???) ad hoc
  (???) etc. status quo (??) per annum
  (???,????) pro rate (?????)

33
3-5 Numbers (??)

• Write out single digit numbers from zero through
  nine when the number modifies a noun
• five disks two printers
• Use numerals for zero through nine when the
  number modifies a unit of measure, time, dates,
  pages, chapters, sections, percentages, money,
  proportions, tables, and figures
• 2 inches 3-second delay 5 gph 230 A.M.
  9 years old July 5, 2001 page 5 (p. 5)
  pages 5-15 (pp. 5-15) Chapter 7 Section 3
  Figure 5 (Fig. 5) Table 3 2 percent 75 15
  a 5 decrease 0.05 (5 cents) 5 to 3 odds

34

• Use numerals for decimals and fractions
• 0.5 5.56 2/5 (two fifths) or 0.4
• ¼ (a quarter) or 0.25
• 3/32 (three thirty seconds) in.
  5 1/2 kg (five and a half kilograms)
• Use numerals for any number greater than nine
• 10 psi (pounds per square inch) 85
  employees 45 lb 234,567 people
• Write out numbers which are approximations
• a half cup of tea three quarters of a mile
  away
• three sevenths of the energy
  approximately five times as often

35

• Place a hyphen after a number of a unit of
  measure when the unit modifies a noun
• 5-inch handle 7-inch-diameter sphere
• 20 1/2-kg can 25-gal. capacity
• When many numbers, both smaller than and greater
  than nine, are used in the same section of
  writing, use numerals
• Buy 5 sheets of 8-inch by 11 1/2-inch paper,
  12 sheets of 8-inch by 20-inch paper, and 5
  manila envelopes.
• Note If none of the numbers are greater than
  nine, write them all out.

36

• When one number appears immediately after
  another as a part of the same phrase, avoid
  confusion by writing out the shorter number
• nine 50-watt bulbs two 6-inch wrenches
• thirteen 20-kilogram packages
• twenty-five 3,000-component circuit boards
• Place a comma in numbers in the thousands
• 1,500 15,678 234,567
• Write numbers in the millions in one of two ways
• 2,500,000 or 2.5 (two and a half)
  millions 17,000,000 or 17 millions
• 1,600,000 or 1.6 million

37

• Do not begin a sentence with a numeral
• Fifteen inches of rain fell.
• 15 inches of rain fell. (Wrong!)
• 3-6 Symbols (??)
• Use symbols sparingly
• Define the symbols when they first appear in an
  article
• use nomenclature (???) to collect all symbols in
  a table
• 3-7 Spelling (??)
• Use a dictionary when in doubt about the
  proper and preferred spelling of a word.

38
4.??????? (Transitions)

• 4-1 For this study, the curved microchannel was
  constructed by standard etching processes the
  curved microchannel was etched on a silicon wafer
  with a 4-inch diameter and a 550 ?m thickness.
  The processes included SiO2 deposition,
  photoresist coating, developing, baking, etc.
  Subsequently, an inductively coupled plasma (ICP)
  process accounting for the crystal directional
  characteristics was used to finish the
  fabrication of the curved microchannel structure.
  (to be continued)

39

• To quantify the surface roughness of the curved
  microchannel, a profilometer (made by Mitaka,
  Model NH-3N) was used to measure the surface
  profile of the curved microchannel. It was
  concluded from the measured results that the
  peak-valley roughness of the silicon microchannel
  was lower than 20 nm. Since the minimum dimension
  of all length scales measured in this study was
  40 µm, the effect of the roughness of the scale
  of 20 nm (or 0.02 µm) was deemed to be negligible.

40

• 4-2 It is observed that, over a range of channel
  sizes and flow rates, as seen in Figs. 4 and 5,
  the numerically simulated results provide a good
  prediction of the experimental data for the six
  types (see Table 1) of curved microchannels used
  in this study, with an average discrepancy of 8.
  Consequently, for the incompressible and
  isothermal laminar flow, and as far as the
  pressure drop is concerned, the fluid behavior of
  curved microchannels still follows the predicted
  values based on classical Navier-Stokes equations
  when the Dh value is on the order of 70 µm or
  larger. In addition, the results obtained from
  the measured pressure drop

41
(continued)

• In addition, the results obtained from the
  measured pressure drop show that the geometrical
  channel aspect ratio has a significant influence
  on the pressure drop, and an increased channel
  curvature radius results in higher pressure loss.

42

• 4-3 However, it can be seen from Fig. 7 that, for
  Types C4 to C6 curved microchannels which have
  aspect ratios in the range of 0.2 to 0.1,
  experimental data and empirically obtained curves
  on the relationship between friction factor and
  Reynolds number are shown to have a different
  pattern, and most of the experimentally-determined
  data of friction factors are above the predicted
  curves estimated by Eq. (12). It should be noted
  that the smaller the value of the aspect ratio,
  the more deviation the configuration from the
  square shape.

43
(continued)

• Since Eq. (12) was based on data obtained for a
  square channel, the friction factors of curved
  microchannels with relatively low values of
  aspect ratio (0.2 to 0.1) lead to a relatively
  large discrepancy between the experimentally-obtai
  ned data in this study and the predicted values
  using Eq. (12). Hence, the comparison implies
  that the cross-sectional shape of the curved
  microchannel has a substantial effect on the
  friction factor for low values of the aspect
  ratio.

44

• 4-4 Another factor which may have an impact on
  the friction factors in curved microchannels is
  the effects of the electrical double layer (EDL)
  near a solid-liquid interface of the rectangular
  microchannel, as indicated by Ren et al. 13 and
  Ko and Gau 21. It can be seen from 13 that
  EDL plays a minor role for curved microchannels
  with a minimum dimension on the order of 40 µm,
  which is the lowest dimension used in this study.
  In addition, the Navier-Stokes equations used in
  this study do not account for the effects
  resulting from EDL, and in this study, the
  results obtained from simulations are in good
  agreement with the experimentally-obtained data.
  As a result, the

45
(continued)

• As a result, the effects of EDL in this study are
  deemed to be minor for the curved microchannels
  for the lowest dimension size of 40 µm or higher.

46

• 4-5 Moreover, under the condition of the same
  aspect ratio, it can also be seen in Fig. 8 that
  the predicted curve estimated by Eq. (13) for the
  relationship between the friction factor ratio
  and De number is in good agreement with those
  obtained from the experimental data for the Type
  C1 (with an aspect ratio of unity) curved
  microchannel in the range where De lt 60. However,
  discrepancy among friction factor ratios of
  experimental data obtained for the Type C1 curved
  microchannel and the numerical results suggested
  by Wang and Liu 25 is observed to become larger
  as the De number becomes larger than 60. This can
  be explained by the fact that the Eq. (13)
  presented by Wang and Liu 25 was

47
(continued)

• This can be explained by the fact that the Eq.
  (13) presented by Wang and Liu 25 was obtained
  from a numerical simulation of a curved
  microchannel with a curvature ratio of 510-6,
  and the relatively small value of the curvature
  ratio of the curved microchannel led to a
  moderate increase of the friction factor as a
  result of the minimal centrifugal force
  presented. Hence, the comparison of the friction
  factor ratio between the experimental data for
  Type C1 and numerical calculated curve determined
  by Eq. (13) shows that, by increasing the channel
  curvature radius while

48
(continued)

• Hence, the comparison of the friction factor
  ratio between the experimental data for Type C1
  and numerical calculated curve determined by Eq.
  (13) shows that, by increasing the channel
  curvature radius while keeping the aspect ratio
  the same, leads to a mild increase in the
  Poiseuille number. It should be noted that the Po
  number for Type C1 to C3 varies approximately
  linearly with an increasing De number, as shown
  in Fig. 8.

49

• 4-6 In addition, as shown in Fig. 10, it is
  observed that, for the range of Re numbers (Re
  10 450) and the low range of aspect ratio
  values (? 0.1 0.2) used in this study, the
  pressure drops obtained analytically from the
  conventional Poiseuille flow theory (that is, Eq.
  (8)) for straight channels are in good agreement
  with those obtained experimentally for Types C4
  to C6 curved microchannels. Furthermore, a linear
  relationship between the pressure drop and the
  Reynolds number is observed.

50
5.??????? (Technical Article Writing)

• 5-1 Use present tense for discussing results.
  (??????????)
• e.g., Experimental results are reported for the
  mass transfer in pipe flow for an aqueous 4
  sodium chloride solution under Newtonian and
  non-Newtonian conditions.

51

• 5-2 Use past tense for discussing experiments,
  test apparatus, data taking, and observation
  from the experiments. (???????????????????????????
  ?)
• e.g. (1) The non-Newtonian runs were carried out
  with concentrations of 50 and 1000 wppm of Polyox
  WSR 301.
• (2) The pump housing was made of cast iron and
  was coated with a
• layer of Bitumastic No. 300-M (Koppers Co.) to
  protect the surface from the corrosive salt
  solution.

52

• (3) Measurements were made of the limiting
  current associated with the reduction of
  dissolved oxygen at the cathode surface.
• (4) It is noted that no variations were observed
  during a run except for those resulting from a
  slight temperature rise that was sometimes noted.

53

• 3. Use present tense for discussing graphs and
  charts. (??????????????)
• e.g. The experimental system consisted of the
  recirculating loop, test
• section, pump, control valves and storage
  tank, which are shown
• schematically in Fig. 1.

54

• 4. Use present tense for discussing equations and
  formulas (???????????).
• e.g. From Faradays law and the definition of
  the mass-transfer
• coefficient we obtain
• h m/(cb-cw), (2)
• where m is the mass flow rate, cb is the bulk
  concentration and cw is the wall concentration.

55

• 5. Use present tense for discussing theoretical
  analysis (??????????).
• e.g. An alternative procedure for the moderate
  concentration condition is to use the expansion
  method of Tien, Wasan and Wilke 23,25 in
  conjunction with the measurements of Clapp 4,5.
  Omitting the details, the results for the
  velocity profile near the wall are given by Teng
  26
• u y (10)
• and the eddy diffusivity is given by
• e p q (11)
• with p 5 and q 3.

56

• 6. Use past tense for discussing derivation of
  equations. (????????????)
• e.g. Eq. (13) was obtained by integrating Eq.
  (12) in conjunction with
• Eqs. (8) and (9).

57

• 7. Use past tense for discussing calculations.
  (??????????????)
• e.g. Calculations were also carried out to
  determine the mass transfer for the case of the
  1000 wppm concentration of Polyox WSR 301.

58

• 8. Use perfect tense for discussing the
  conclusion. (????????)
• e.g. (1) In summary, experimental results have
  been reported for mass
• transfer in pipe flow.
• (2) For the 1000 wppm concentration, the work of
  previous investigators has been modified and
  there is an indication of good agreement.

59
Principles of Technical Article Writing

• Rule 1. Use plain rather than elegant or complex
  language.
• Rule 2. Delete words, sentences, and phrases that
  do not add to your meaning.
• Rule 3. Use specific and concrete terms rather
  than vague generalities.
• Rule 4. Use terms your reader can picture.

60

• Rule 5. Use the past tense to describe your
  experimental work.
• Rule 6. Make the technical depth of your writing
  compatible with the background of your reader.
• Rule 7. Break up your writing into short
  sections.
• Rule 8. Keep ideas and sentence structure
  parallel.
• Rule 9. Opt for a formal rather than an informal
  style.

61
6.??????? (Common Errors)

• 6. Improvement in English is needed, and the
  authors should read the manuscript thoroughly and
  carefully to enhance the readability of it. Some
  of the revisions are as follows
• Line 4 on p. 2 etc.. ? etc.
• Line 57 on p. 3 we should to balance ? we should
  balance

62

• Line 4 on p. 4 more details ? for more details
• Line 18 on p. 4 following properties ? the
  following properties
• Line 24 on p. 6 one use ? one uses
• Line 6 on p. 7 get following modified scheme ?
  get the following modified scheme
• Line 46 on p.8 is agree with ? is in agreement
  with

63

• Lines 43-45 on p. 9 throughout following
  subsections ? throughout the following
  subsections
• Line 45 on p. 9 is locate at ? is located at
• Unless the above comments are addressed, the
  paper in its present form is not recommended to
  be published.

64
????????????

• 1.????(????????)
• 2.????
• 3.????(??????????????????????????????)

65
7.? ? (Conclusions)

• ????????????????????????,???????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????
• ??????????,????????????????,???????21????????????
  ?????1???????

66
????,?????
67
67