PSY 245: Drugs and Behavior M-Th- 2:45pm-4:50pm

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PSY 245 Drugs and BehaviorM-Th-
245pm-450pm

• Dr. Robert Hakan
• SBS 105H
• Office HoursM-Th_at_ 915-10am
• E-mail Hakanr_at_uncw.edu
• Web http//people.uncw.edu/hakanr/index.html

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Drugs and BehaviorGeneral Issues
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WHAT ARE DRUGS?
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Drug A Definition

• A chemical or mixture of chemicals that alters
  biological function when administered

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Psychoactive drugs (also known as psychotropic
drugs)

• Drugs that influence psychological processes
• mood
• emotion
• perception
• cognition
• behavior
• Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by
  exerting direct action on the brain

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The Science of Drugs

• Pharmacology The scientific study of drugs and
  drug action
• Psychopharmacology The subfield of pharmacology
  concerning the effects of drugs on behavior,
  emotion, and cognition

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History of drug use and abuse

• Early drug use

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Drugs Are Old
Drugs have been around since the dawn of time
probably
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Coming on the Scene

• Alcohol as early as 6400 years BC
• (Middle East-beer and huckleberry wine)
• Opium 5000 BC (mesopotamia) Joy plant
• Cannabis 3000 years BC (India/China-tea)
• Coca 3000 BC (south America- chewing coca leaves)
• Tobacco 100 BC (Mexico)
• Use Spread mainly by explorers, trade or wars.

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History of drug use and abuse in the U.S.

• Before the 1800s, drug use was generally
  unregulated
• Patent medicines

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Early Use of Opiates in the U.S.

• Dovers Powder (Thomas Dover) -introduced to U.S.
  in 1709.
• For treatment of disease
• Started a trend?..many other patent medicines
  were marketed
• Widely available at grocery stores, by mail
  etc..as well as by physicians prescription.

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Patent Medicines-cocaine
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Patent Medicines-unregulated use of psychoactive
substances in the 1800s

• Laudnum
• Godfreys Cordial
• Mrs. Wilsons Soothing Syrup
• Dr. Bruess Powerful Penetrating Peerless Remedy
• Ayers Cherry Pectoral
• McMunns Elixir
• And many others
• All contained significant amounts of opium,
  morphine and other psychoactive substances

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Chinese immigrants and Opium Dens

• Opium addiction in China was very high due to
  British trade and advocation of opium use in
  China
• Chinese immigrants were brought to U.S. most
  commonly to work on railroad construction
• Many migrated back to San Fransisco and
  established Opium Dens..introducing opium smoking
  to the U.S.

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Opium Dens were demonized relatively
early..places where all sorts of depravity
occurred and where innocent people (women) were
lead toward a life of sin
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Post Civil War Soldiers disease ( morphine
addiction)
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Early Use of Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana) in the
U.S.

• Imported from Europe by early settlers. Mostly
  used for its material properties.
• 1800s- Physicians used Extracts of the Sativa
  plant as an all purpose medicine.
• Recreational use appears to have developed only
  much later (1920s) probably as a reaction to
  prohibition of alcohol.
• Minor use in the 1930s-1950s until demonizing
  propaganda in the 50s and 60s produced an
  unintended soar in popularity of its nonmedical
  use

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Patent medicines-heroin
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??
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Problems with Patent medicines

• They were not patented..contents were not
  described but were considered proprietary
  information
• Increasing concerns about Addictions and
  side-effects.

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Problems with Patent Medicines cont

• Samuel M. Kiers Rock Oil marketed petroleum
  as a cure all!
• Upton Sinclairs The Jungle.
• Lived for 7 weeks in stockyard meatpacking
  district of Chicago and published an expose.
• Meat contamination was horrifying

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A Brief History of U.S. Drug Laws

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• Made non-medical use of opiates and cocaine a
  crime
• Did not generally apply to patent medicines!
• Erroneously Included cocaine as a narcotic
• Did initiate opening of treatment centers

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• 1920 Prohibition Amendment
• Over the period consumption dropped on average to
  1.6 gal/year per capita.

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Was Prohibition Successful?
Perhaps initially, but the effect was short
lived. Other problems also emerged.
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An interesting parallel
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Clear drop in number of cirrhosis deaths during
prohibition
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Change in consumption of distilled liquor
There was a shift from beer to hard liquors.
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Effectiveness of Prohibition?
Prohibition is a likely factor in the increased
crime of this era.
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commercial trade in marijuana for recreational
use sprang up

• New York City, where marijuana "tea pads" were
  established about 1920. They resembled opium dens
  or speakeasies except that prices were very low
  a man could get high for a quarter

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• 1920 Prohibition Amendment
• Prohibition repealed by the 21st amendment in
  1933

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• 1920 Prohibition Amendment
• 1937 Marijuana Tax Act

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• In 1926 the  New Orleans Item and  Morning
  Tribune, two newspapers under common ownership,
  published highly sensational exposés of the
  "menace" of marijuana. 2 They reported that it
  was coming into New Orleans from Havana, Tampico,
  and Vera Cruz in large quantities, plus smaller
  amounts from Texas.
• Mr. Eugene Stanley, at that time District
  Attorney, declared that many of the crimes in New
  Orleans and the South were thus committed by
  criminals who relied on the drug to give them a
  false courage and freedom from restraint. Dr.
  George Roeling, Coroner, reported that of 450
  prisoners investigated, 125 were confirmed users
  of marihuana. Mr. W. B. Graham, State Narcotic
  Officer, declared in 1936 that 60 percent of the
  crimes committed in New Orleans were by marihuana
  users." 9

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• 1920 Prohibition Amendment
• 1937 Marijuana Tax Act
• 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendment

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1965 law controls

• Any substance having potential for abuse
  because of stimulant, depressant or
  hallucinogenic effects

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• 1920 Prohibition Amendment
• 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendment
• 1970 Controlled Substances Act

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Schedule of Controlled Substances

• Current schedule system has 5 schedules based on
• Safety
• Medical use
• Abuse potential

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Schedule I

• Includes heroin, LSD, marijuana, MDMA
• The drug or other substance has a high potential
  for abuse.
• The drug or other substance has no currently
  accepted medical use in treatment in the United
  States.
• There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the
  drug or other substance under medical
  supervision.

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Schedule II

• Includes morphine, cocaine, Ritalin, amphetamine,
  methamphetamine, OxyContin
• The drug or other substance has a high potential
  for abuse.
• The drug or other substance has a currently
  accepted medical use in treatment in the United
  States or a currently accepted medical use with
  severe restrictions.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to
  severe psychological or physical dependence.

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Schedule III

• Includes anabolic steroids and Marinol.
• The drug or other substance has a potential for
  abuse less than the drugs or other substances in
  Schedules I and II.
• The drug or other substance has a currently
  accepted medical use in treatment in the United
  States.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to
  moderate or low physical dependence or high
  psychological dependence.

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Schedule IV

• Includes most benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax,
  Ativan) and prescription sleep aids
• The drug or other substance has a low potential
  for abuse relative to the drugs or other
  substances in Schedule III.
• The drug or other substance has a currently
  accepted medical use in treatment in the United
  States.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to
  limited physical dependence or psychological
  dependence relative to the drugs or other
  substances in Schedule III.

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Schedule V

• Includes codeine-containing cough medicines and
  some antidiarrheals.
• The drug or other substance has a low potential
  for abuse relative to the drugs or other
  substances in Schedule IV.
• The drug or other substance has a currently
  accepted medical use in treatment in the United
  States.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to
  limited physical dependence or psychological
  dependence relative to the drugs or other
  substances in Schedule IV.

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NC Schedule VI

• No currently accepted medical use in the United
  States
• Relatively low potential for abuse in terms of
  risk to public health and potential to produce
  psychic or physiological dependence liability
  based upon present medical knowledge
• Need for further and continuing study to develop
  scientific evidence of its pharmacological
  effects.

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1970 Schedule System
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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1986 Analogue Act

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1986 Analogue Act
• 1988 Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act
• DEAs current tables of controlled substances

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1986 Analogue Act
• 1988 Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act
• 1996 Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1986 Analogue Act
• 1988 Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act
• 1996 Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act
• 2000 GHB placed in Schedule I

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The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1986 Analogue Act
• 1988 Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act
• 1996 Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act
• 2000 GHB placed in Schedule I
• 1996 Compassionate use act

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More History of Drug Laws in the US

• For more legal information visit
• http//www.erowid.org/psychoactives/law/law.shtml

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For your considerationExtended Synopsis of Drug
Law history in the US(not including the 18th
Amendment)

• 1906-Pure food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act. Outlaws opiates, cocaine.
• 1915 First anti-marijuana law passed in Utah by
  the state legislature dominated by Mormons.
• 1922 Narcotic Drug Import and Export Act
  -intended to eliminate narcotics except in
  medicine.
• 1937 Marihuana Tax Act. The legislation extends
  controls over marijuana modeled on the control of
  other narcotics.
• 1942 Opium Poppy Control Act -licenses growing
  the poppy.
• 1951 Harrison Act Amendment -imposes mandatory
  sentences for narcotics violations.
• 1956 Narcotics Control Act increases penalties
  for violation of narcotics laws.

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A History of Drug Laws in the US-cont

• 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendments (DACDA)
  bring LSD, barbiturates, amphetamines under
  control.
• 1966 Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act
  treatment permitted as alternative to
  incarceration.
• 1968 DACDA Amendments. Liberalizes punishments
  for non-repeaters.
• 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act
  (CDACA) includes Controlled Substances Act.
  "No-knock" searches authorized.
• 1971 Nixon declares "War on Drugs," creates the
  Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention
  (SAODAP).

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A History of Drug Laws in the US-cont

• 1972 Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act
  introduces Federal prevention, treatment
  programs.
• 1973 Methadone Control Act, Heroin Trafficking
  Act. Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health
  Administration (ADAMHA) established.
• 1974 Drug Abuse Treatment and Control Amendments.
  
• 1978 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Amendments.
  Department of Education gets a role. CDACA
  amendments allow authorities to seize drug
  traffickers' assets.
• 1980 Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and
  Rehabilitation Amendments expands education and
  treatment programs.
• 1984 Drug Offenders Act authorizes special
  offender treatment programs.

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A History of Drug Laws in the US-cont

• 1986 Analogue (Designer Drug) Act makes illegal
  substances that mimic in effect or function
  natural drugs.
• 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act establishes an
  oversight policy for the National Drug Control
  Policy.
• 1989 America's first Drug Czar is William Bennett
  under the first Bush administration.
• 1992 ADAMHA Reorganization. New organization is
  Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
  Administration (SAMHSA). From Uncle Adam to Uncle
  Sam?
• 1995 Congress overrides U.S. Sentencing
  Commission recommendation to correct racial
  imbalances in white/black sentencing for cocaine,
  crack.
• 1996 General Barry McCaffrey as new drug czar
  under the Clinton administration.

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Anonymous survey Anyone?- You may choose not to
participate. Provide no identifying information ,
but be as accurate and honest as possible. Copy
this table and fill in each cell as well as you
can.
Ever in the last year? In the past month? In the past week? Today?
Alcohol
Marijuana
Hallucinogens
Cocaine or amphetamines
XTC
Opiates
Benzodiazepines