Micro-Organizational Behavior: Learning

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Micro-Organizational BehaviorLearning
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Learning

• A relatively permanent change in knowledge or
  behavior that results from experience.

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Classical Conditioning

• Learning that takes place when the learner
  recognizes the connection between an
  unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.

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Stimulus

• Conditioned Stimulus A neutral stimulus that,
  as a result of being paired with an unconditioned
  stimulus, elicits a response.
• Unconditioned Stimulus Anything that produces
  an unconditioned response.

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Response

• Unconditioned Response A response that occurs
  naturally in the presence of a given stimulus.
• Conditioned Response A response that is called
  forth by a previously neutral stimulus (the
  conditioned stimulus.)

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Operant Conditioning

• Learning that takes place when the learner
  recognizes the connection between a behavior and
  its consequences.
• Behaviors with positive consequences are
  acquired.
• Behaviors with negative consequences are
  eliminated
• Law of Effect tendency for behaviors leading to
  desirable consequences to be strengthened and for
  behaviors leading to undesirable consequences to
  be weakened

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Operant Conditioning
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An Example
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Operant Conditioning Keys

• Antecedents Anything that tells workers about
  desired and undesired behaviors and their
  consequences.
• Behaviors Desirable organizational behaviors
  and undesirable organizational behaviors.

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Operant Conditioning Keys

• Consequences of Behavior Include positive
  reinforcement and negative reinforcement for
  desirable organizational behaviors and
  extinction and punishment for undesirable
  organizational behaviors.

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Consequences of Behavior

• Positive Reinforcement Administering positive
  consequences to workers who perform the desired
  behavior.
• Negative Reinforcement Removing negative
  consequences to workers who perform the desired
  behavior.

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Consequences of Behavior

• Extinction Removing whatever is currently
  reinforcing the undesirable behavior.
• Punishment Administering negative consequences
  to workers who perform the undesirable behavior.

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Operant Conditioning
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Reinforcement Schedules

• Fixed-Interval Schedule
• Variable-Interval Schedule
• Fixed-Ratio Schedule
• Variable-Ratio Schedule

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Shaping

• The reinforcement of successive and closer
  approximations to a desired behavior.

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Observational Learning (Modeling)

• Learning in which people acquire new behaviors by
  systematically observing the rewards and
  punishments of others.