The Animal Kingdom

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• The Animal Kingdom
• Part 1

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General Characteristics

• Exhibit multicellular construction
• Composed of eukaryotic cells
• Nutrition is by ingestion
• Animals differ from plants
• Contain centrioles asters
• Lack chlorophyll, plastids, cell walls
• Exhibit both embryonic and larval stages
• Exclusively heterotrophic

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General Characteristics

• Complex organisms - up to 10 systems
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Endocrine
• Nervous
• Circulatory
• Lymphatic
• Integumentary
• Reproductive
• Excretory
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Unique to animals

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General Characteristics

• Adult form may be viewed as a complex tube within
  a tube
• Reflected by the presence of 3 primary germ
  layers
• Ectoderm integument nervous
• Mesoderm muscles and most other organs
• Endoderm lines digestive tube

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General Characteristics

• Reflected by the presence of 3 primary germ
  layers
• Ectoderm integument nervous
• Mesoderm all other systems
• Endoderm digestive
• Triploblastic possess all 3 germ layers
• Diploblastic possess only 2 germ layers

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General Characteristics

• Exhibit the Diplontic Life Cycle
• (sexual reproduction)
• Adult 2N
• Gamete 1N
• Zygote 2N

Adult 2N
meiosis
egg 1N
sperm 1N
mitosis
Zygote 2N
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Domain Eukarya
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Broad Classification
Animal Classification

• 1) Level of Organization
• 2) Type of Body Symmetry
• 3) Type of Body Cavity
• 4) Embryonic Development

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Level of Organization

• IF the cell develops from a single cell to the
  tissue level only, it belongs to
• Subkingdom Parazoa
• (beside
  the animals)
• Phylum Porifera - sponges
• (to bear pores)

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Level of Organization

• All others develop to an organ or organ system
  level
• Subkingdom Eumetazoa
• (true later animal)

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Type of Body Symmetry

• 1. Only sponges lack symmetry (asymmetrical)
• 2. Organisms whose body parts are organized
  around a central axis and radiate from the
  central core like the spokes of a wheel exhibit
  radial symmetry. (Think of an orange.)
• 3. Organisms whose body parts are arranged along
  a longitudinal axis where right and left half are
  mirror images of each other exhibit bilaterial
  symmetry. (Think of a butterfly.)

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Type of Body Symmetry

• Radially symmetrical organisms belong to
• Grade Radiata

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Type of Body Symmetry

• Bilaterially symmetrical organisms belong to
• Grade Bilaterata

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Type of Body Symmetry

• Grade Radiata
• larva, ancestors, AND adults are radially
  symmetrical
• Phylum Cnidaria
• - jellyfish

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Another typical Cnidarian Hydra
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Cnidarian forms
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Type of Body Symmetry

• Grade Bilaterata
• larva, ancestors, OR adults are bilaterally
  symmetrical

All others belong to the
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Type of Body Cavity (coelom)

• Subgrade Acoelomata
• Phylum Platyhelminthes -the flatworms
• NO body cavity
• Solid layer of mesoderm

ectoderm solid mesoderm endoderm gut
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Type of Body Cavity (coelom)

• Subgrade Pseudocoelomata
• Phylum Nematoda -the roundworms
• False cavity (false coelom)
• Pseudocoel only partially lined
  with mesoderm

Endoderm
Ectoderm w/ mesoderm lining
Pseudocoel
Gut
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Type of Body Cavity (coelom)

• Subgrade Coelomata
• Phyla Annelida ? Chordata
• True body cavity
• Coelom completely lined with mesoderm

ectoderm Coelom (completely lined
with mesoderm) endoderm
gut
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Body Plans
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Choanoflagellates Protist Link to Animals?
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Embryonic Development/ formation of the
archenteron
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Type of Embryonic Development

• If the first opening into the blastocoel is the
  mouth, the organism is a Protostome.

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Type of Embryonic Development

• If the second opening into the blastocoel formed
  is the mouth, the organism is a Deutrostome.

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A family tree