Secondary Sex Traits

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Secondary Sex Traits
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• Hormones Proteins made in the brain and sex
  organs

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Puberty

• A. Hormones
• cause production of sex cells
• control development of adult characteristics
• B. Pubescence
• Growth spurt prior to puberty

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Hormones influences

• Endocrine system
• hypothalamus (gland in brain) sends messages to
  pituitary

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Pituitary (another gland in brain) hormones are
produced

• 1. Gonadotrophic hormone (FSH and LH)
• Develops gonads
• Responsible for menstrual cycle
• Responsible for developing sex characteristics

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

• Female Stimulates production of eggs and
  estrogen. Amount varies throughout life.
• b. Male Stimulates testes to manufacture sperm.
  
• c. Amount of FSH in males is the same throughout
  life to allow constant production of sperm

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Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

• Female Causes release of progesterone
• b. Male Causes cells to produce testosterone

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Hormones made by sex organs

• Estrogenic hormones
• a. Made by follicles of ovary
• b. Estrogen responsible for female secondary
  sex characteristics influences menstrual cycle
• c. Progesterone made by corpus luteum after
  ovulation maintains uterine lining

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Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

• - produced after fertilization
• - tells other eggs to wait
• - can be detected in urine very early in
  pregnancy (pregnancy tests

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Androgenic hormones

• testosterone sex characteristics
• castration removal of testes (steer, gelding,
  capon)
• Adrenal hormones affect maturing of sex cells

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Menopause change of life

• A. Slowing down of reproductive hormones
• B. Menstruation becomes erratic, then stops
  ovulation stops
• C. May occur rather abruptly
• D. Usually occurs around ages 50-55

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Common symptoms (result of lower estrogen
levels)

• 1. Hot flashes
• 2. Depression
• 3. Night sweats
• 4. Weight changes
• 5. Headaches
• 6. 10 may experience none
• 7. Dizzy
• 8. 20 may disrupt lives
• 9. Insomnia

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Treatment of symptoms

• a. Estrogen
• i. eliminates hot flashes
• ii. mood swings relieved
• iii. restores changes to the reproductive
  tract
• iv. osteoporosis
• b. Testosterone
• i. works with estrogen so have younger looking
  skin

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• c. Androgen
• i. increase sex drive
• d. Risks to HRT
• a. breast cancer can increase 30-50
• b. blood clots if have disease
• c. Gall bladder disease if pill taken orally

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Male menopause??

• No produce sperm until death
• Decrease in sex drive
• Erectile dysfunction

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Problems with Reproduction

• Infertility
• Abnormal Sperm, low sperm count, low sperm
  quality
• Only one functional ovary, hostile environment in
  uterus, endometriosis