GOVERNMENT IT TRAINING CENTRE KHAIRPUR

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• GOVERNMENT IT TRAINING CENTRE KHAIRPUR
• DISTRICT GOVERNMENT KHAIRPUR MIRS

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Chapter IIntroduction to Computers-
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• Information Technology-
• Information Technology - Infotech technology
  that merges computing with high-speed
  communication links carrying data, sound, and
  video. Examples of Information technology include
  personal computers, of course, but also new forms
  of telephones, televisions, and various handheld
  devices such as personal digital assistants
  (PDA), etc.

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• OR
• This is the 21st Century, which is called the
  century of Computer Science and Information
  Technology, Computer is unique invention of 21st
  century, and leading other inventions of various
  fields,
• You might heard that if anyone who does not know
  about computer science, does not know any thing.
  In todays age, without the knowledge of
  computer, one can not progress in any field. When
  I say one must have some basic knowledge of
  computing. I really mean it. Because, it is
  computer that can give you easily any information
  you require about any subject, Science, Art,
  Commerce, Economic, Bio-Chemistry etc.

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• The merging of two technologies computer and
  communication to introduce a new technology is
  called Information Technology. Using this
  technology, we are going achieve software
  development Virtualization, the main element of
  Information Technology is InterNet. And an
  InterNet is network of networks to share the
  resources, or we can say that InterNet is an
  International network. By using Internet we are
  getting any sort of information from any part of
  world. Not only this, we can also get images,
  document of software, video audio chatting,
  E-mail, file transferring and so many other
  facilities are also available on InterNet

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• Computer Technology-
• You have certainly seen, and possibly used, a
  Computer. Lets define what it is. A Computer is
  a programmable, multiuse machine that accepts
  data raw facts and figures and processes, or
  manipulates, it into information we can use, such
  as summaries, totals, or reports. Its purpose is
  to speed up problem solving and increase
  productivity.
• The word computer taken from the word Compute
  which means to count, calculate, typewriter. In
  the past, the computer was normally considered to
  be a calculating device used to perform
  arithmetic operations. But today, computer is
  used in every filed of daily life to solve
  problems of different kinds. So computer can be
  defined as Computer is a modern electronic
  device which accept data input (Keyboard) and
  process that data and give the result on output
  (Monitor),

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• Communications Technology-
• Youve been using communications technology for
  years. Communication technology, also called
  telecommunication technology, consists of
  electromagnetic devices and systems for
  communicating over long distances. The principal
  examples are telephone, radio, broadcasting
  television, and cable TV. More recently there has
  been the addition of communications among
  computers, they went Online with the InterNet.

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• Technological Convergence-
• Sometime in the 1990s, computer and
  communications started to fuse together,
  beginning a new era within the Digital Age. The
  result was three further developments, which
  havent ended yet.
• Convergence-
• Convergence describes the combining of several
  industries through various devices that exchange
  data in the format used by computers. The
  industries are computers, communications,
  consumer electronics, entertainment, and mass
  media. Convergence has led to electronic products
  that perform multiple functions, such as TVs
  internet access or phones with screens displaying
  text and pictures.

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What is Difference b/w Computer Science and
Information Technology?

• Computer Science
• Computer science is the study of computer namely,
  their design (architecture) and their uses for
  computations Data Processing, and system control,
  computer science includes engineering activities
  such as the design of computers and of the
  hardware and software that make up computers
  systems.
• Computer science is generally considered as
  discipline separate from computer engineering,
  although the two disciplines overlap extensively
  in the area of computer architecture, which is
  the design (and study) of computer system,

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• The major sub-discipline of computer science have
  traditionally been
• Architecture (Including all levels of hardware
  design, as well as the integration of hard ware
  and software components to from computer Systems)
• Software ( The programs, or set of instructions,
  that tell a computer how to carry out task)
• The filed is sub divided into software
  engineering programming languages, operating
  systems, information system and databases,
• Artificial intelligence, and computer graphics,
  and
• 3. Theory, which includes computational methods
  and numerical analysis on the one hand and data
  structures and algorithms on the other,

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• Information Technology-
• Information technology is a contemporary term
  that describes the combination of computer
  technology (Hardware and software) with
  telecommunication technology (Data, Image, and
  Voice network) when information technology is
  used, the user is responsible for the efficient
  capture of Data from its organization source the
  flow of that data to the computer, the processing
  and storage of that data by the computer and the
  flow of useful and timely information back to the
  organization and its people

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Chapter IIRoll of ComputerinBusiness
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• Role of Computer in Business-
• Many of todays successful small companies simply
  could not exist without computer technology. Each
  year, hundreds of thousand individuals launch
  business based from their homes or in
  small-office location. They rely on in expense
  computers and software not only to perform basic
  work functions, but to mange and grow their
  companies.
• These tools enable business owners to handle
  tasks such as daily accounting, inventory
  management, marketing, payroll, and many others
  that once required the hiring of outside
  specialists. as a result, small business become
  more self-sufficient and reduce their operating
  expenses, for example Business-to-Business (B2B)
  System. In a Business-to-Business (B2B), a
  business sells to other business, using the
  internet or a private network to cut transaction
  costs and increase efficiencies.

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• Use of Computer // Reasons to use Computer?
• Computer is playing very important role in every
  filed of daily life. Computers are everywhere
  such as at home, at office, at school. In daily
  life a large number of activities are dependent
  on computers. The main fields where computer is
  playing very important role are

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• 1) Use Of Computer in Education-
• Education is the process of developing knowledge
  through instructions. The instructions are
  received from people such as parents, teachers
  etc. and from printed material such as books,
  journals etc. today, the modern technique to get
  knowledge is by using computer.
• Most of the schools, use computers in classrooms
  and labs to teach student, many educator prefer
  to deliver their lectures by computer-based
  presentations. In schools, colleges and
  universities, students use software packages to
  complete their assignment.

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• Use of Computer in Entertainment-
• Computer has also played a very important role
  for the entertainment of humans. Computer has
  become need to human for entertainment at their.
  For example, to play video games at home, to see
  movies films and to listen music.

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• Use of Computer in E-Commerce-
• E-Commerce (electronic commerce) or e-trade or
  e-business is a financial business transaction
  conducted electronically between business
  partners over computer network.
• Or
• e-commerce, or electronic commerce, the buying
  and selling of products and services through
  computer network.
• E-mail, Video Conferencing, electronic shopping
  (E-Shopping), Electronic Banking, Health Care
  etc, these services are mostly used in e-commerce
  or e-business.

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• 4) Use of Computer in Health Care-
• Nearly every area of the medical field uses
  computers, such as laboratories, researches,
  scanning, monitoring, pharmacy etc, which are
  helping the doctors to diagnose diseases and many
  other purpose.

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• Use of Computer in Science-
• Computer is used in all braches of science to
  collect and analyze data. The scientists also use
  internet to collect the latest information around
  the world. Today, it is impossible to carry out
  scientific researches without use of computers.
  In all branches of science, it is mainly used to
  get accurate experimental result, for example to
  get accurate forecasting of weather etc.

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• Use of Computer in Traveling
• Computer is also playing very important role in
  traveling by car or airplane to arrive easily and
  safety at your destination. Today many vehicles
  manufactured use special electronic equipments in
  the car that controls various activities of the
  car. These cars have GPS (Global Positioning
  System) receiver that reports your vehicles
  location

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• 6) Use of Computer in Publishing-
• In the field of publishing, computer is playing
  very important role such as to publish the bocks,
  magazines and newspapers etc.

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• Use of Computer in Government-
• A government runs the country by making polices
  and provides citizens with up-to-date
  information. Most of the government departments
  have their own websites. The computers are used
  in all government offices to perform various
  activites. The government agencies use computers
  as part of their daily routine.

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• 9) Use of Computer in Home-
• Like other electronic devices used in home such
  as T.V set, washing machine etc. computer has
  also become the need of every person at home. It
  is used at home as an educational tool for
  children. But it is also used at home to keep
  record, write letters, to watch films and listen
  music or other entertainment.

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• 10) Use of Computer in Agriculture-
• In agriculture filed also, computer is playing
  very important role. The agricultural scientists
  use computer for analyzing the agricultural data.
  The student of agricultural also uses computer to
  get latest information about agriculture on the
  InterNet.

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• 11) Use of Computer in Energy-
• Energy companies use computer to locate or search
  oil, natural gas, and uranium. Similarly
  electronic power companies use computer to
  monitor the power networks.

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• 12) Use of Computer in Industry-
• In industry, computers are used to control the
  manufacturing system and continuous running of
  the machinery. These also help in monitoring
  temperature, pressure, check the quality
  accuracy, and measurement needed in the
  manufacturing process.

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IMPACT OF COMPUTER AND INTERNET ON SOCIETY

• Today, the most commons typed of computer is
  called a Personal Computer or PC despite of its
  small size, the modern personal computers are
  much more powerful than and of the large size,
  computer.
• Electronic digital computers are general purpose
  data processing machines that are designed to
  perform a variety of tasks. These computes
  fulfill the requirement of the people who by and
  use computers are a diverse groups-business
  people, teachers, students, doctors, lawyers,
  artists, engineers, scientists and framers and
  their computing needs.
• In our society, computers have now become a
  fundamental components of our jobs, schools,
  collage, stores, our means of transpiration,
  health care and entertainment essentially all of
  our medical and scientific facilities now depend
  entirely upon incredibly complex computer base
  systems. In fact everyday there would hardly be
  times when any type of business educational
  institutions, or government office may not be
  using computes in some way.

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• THE INTERNET AND THE SOCIETY
• Telecommunications is the electronic transmission
  of data from one place to another computers ca be
  hooked to telephones through moderns so that data
  can be sent and received over telephone lines.
  Telecommunications makes possible several new
  ways to communicate via computers. In 1969 a
  group of computer scientist developed computer
  network. The idea of interconnected networks
  caught on. After that the concept of e-mail came
  into existence Internet thus encouraged as an
  important and fast tool of global web of nearly 1
  million computes networks, at least 50 million
  computers and 200 million people. You can find
  jobs, communicate with customers, workout
  technical problems, sell products and conduct
  research

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Chapter III Brief History of Computer And
Communication Technology
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• History of Computer divided into three ages
  according to the devices which were used, these
  ages are described below.
• Dark Age of Computer
• (5000 B.C To
  1890 A.D)
• Middle Age of Computer
• (1890 A.D to
  1944 A.D)
• Modern Age of Computer
• (Since 1944)

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• Dark age of Computer (5000 B.C To 1890 A.D)-
• The earliest data processing equipment were all
  manual mechanical devices. These machines were
  used exclusively as the Dark Age of data
  processing.
• Abacus-
• About 50 B.C, The Abacus was manual in CHINA,
  the abacus was a very simplest beads strung on
  wires or rods. Arithmetic calculations are
  performed by manipulating the beads. Infect the
  abacus is a very fast calculating device, by
  which an operator can calculate faster than a
  person using a digital calculator.
• John Napier Bones (1617)-
• John Napier designed a device. Called Napiers
  Bones, this device is consist of a Set of eleven
  bones or rod with number marked on them, by
  placing these rods side by side, John Napier is
  best known for the invention of Logarithms.
• Blaise Pasical Calculator (1642)-
• The great French Mathematician Blaise Pasical
  invented Calculator called Pasicals Calcultor
  The Pasical calculating machine performed the
  operations of multiplication and division by
  repeated additions and Subtractions

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• Leibniz Calculating device (1673)-
• In 1673, German mathematician Leibniz developed
  the calculating machine, which could perform
  multiplications and division. Actually the
  Leibniz calculating machine was the modifies form
  of the Pascal calculator.
• Babbage Difference Engine (1825)-
• In 1823 Charles Babbage British mathematician
  developed a special type of calculator. It was
  called Difference Engine.
• Babbage Analytical Engine-
• In 1843, he also designed a new machine called
  the Analytical Engine. It was the first
  automatic programmable computer. A lady student
  named Augusta Ada also worked with Babbage in
  designing the analytical engine. The designed to
  run the computer program on that computer first
  time. It is because Lady Augusta Ada is known
  as the first computer programmer in the world.
• The Analytical Engine includes several features
  that present in the modern Electronic computer
  it is because Charles Babbage is considered as
  father of modern digital computer.

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• Middle Age of Computer (1890 A.D to 1944 A.D)-
• The compilation of census Data was the biggest
  problems in Middle Ages, Dr. Herman Hollerith, a
  statistician with U.S Bureau of census, developed
  a 3x5 inch Punch Card to record data. Some other
  electro mechanical accounting machine were
  developed which could read cards containing both
  alphabetic and numeric data, perform simple
  arithmetic and numeric data, perform simple
  arithmetic operations and print the results.

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• Modern Age of Computer (Since 1944)-
• In 1944 an electro-mechanical computer Mark-1
  was built by IBM (International Business Machine)
  corporation. The IBM launched its new version as
  Mark-II in 1945. Afterward fully electronic
  computer were developed. The history of
  electronic computers is divided into five
  generations.

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• Generation of Computer-
• The Generation of computer are classified into
  five generation. In each generation the new
  technologies were used as well as the performance
  and applications of computer were increased.
  These are
• First Generation (1946 1959)
• Second Generation (1959 1964)
• Third Generation (1965 1970)
• Fourth Generation (1971 1981)
• Fifth Generation (1981 still continue.)

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• First Generation Of Computer (1946 -1959)-
• The Vacuum tube technology was used in first
  generation computers. And a vacuum tube is device
  which conduct singles one direction only. Mark-1,
  ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-1 etc. machines
  belong to the first generation of computers.
  After it many other models were developed by IBM
  for example IBM-702, IBM-705, IBM-709, etc. The
  machine languages only were used in
  first-generation computers.
• Advantages of First-Generation.
• Vacuum tubes were used as electronic components
• Electronic digital computers were developed.
• These computers were the fastest of their time.
• Disadvantages of First-Generation.
• Very big in size.
• Produce large amount of heat due to vacuum tubes.
• Non-portable.
• Very slow in speed.
• it was difficult to programmed, because the used
  only machine language.

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• Second Generation of Computer (1959 1964)-
• The period of this generation is from 1959 to
  1964. The transistor technology was used in
  second-generation. The transistor is smaller in
  size and more reliable than vacuum tube.
  Therefore, the transistor technology was used in
  computer in place of vacuum tube technology. The
  programming Assembly Language was also introduced
  in second-generation of computers. The most
  popular second-generation computers were
  IBM-1401, IBM-1400 series, IBM 1600 series,
  UNIVAC-III, NCR 300, etc.
• Advantage of Second Generation-
• smaller in size as compare to first generation
• Low in cost, smaller in size, fast in speed.
• Less heat generated.
• Better portability.
• Assembly language was introduced. This language
  is easy to write program than Machine language.
• Disadvantage of Second Generation-
• Air conditioning required
• Commercial production was costly.
• Frequent maintenance required.

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• Third Generation of Computer (1965 1970)-
• In third-generation Integrated Circuits (IC) were
  used. Integrated circuit contains many electronic
  components like transistors, capacitors, diodes,
  resistors etc on a single chip. High level
  programming languages were used. In 1969 the
  first microprocessor chip INTEL 4004 was
  developed. But it was used only in calculator.
  Arithmetic and logical operations were performed
  in micro seconds (1/1000000 second) or even in
  nano seconds (1/1000000000 seconds) the famous
  computers were IBM-360, IBM-370, UNIVAC 9000
  series etc.
• Advantages of Third Generation-
• Smaller in size.
• Low power consumption
• Hardware failure was very rare.
• Easily Portable, Easily Operate, upgraded easily.
• High level languages were commonly used.
• Disadvantage of Third Generation-
• Air-conditioning required.
• Very advance technology was required to make IC.

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• Fourth Generation of Computer (1971 1981)-
• The years between 1971 and 1981 are referred as
  fourth generation of computers. The Integrated
  Circuits were more developed and called Small
  Scale Integration (SSI). After some time the SSI
  were the more developed and termed as Large Scale
  Integration (LSI). In 1971, a powerful
  microprocessor chip INTEL 8008 was introduced.
  The first microprocessor which used in PC was
  INTEL 8080. The 8 inch floppy disk was also,
  introduced in 1973. While hard disk was introduce
  in 1973. The 5.25 inch floppy disk was first time
  used I 1978. the optical disk was developed in
  1980.IBM-3033, IBM-370, IBM system, IBM system36,
  Cray-I, etc were introduced in this generation.
• Advantage of Fourth Generation.
• Smaller in size.
• very reliable,
• Hardware failure was negligible.
• Very easily moveable.
• Very high processing speed. Very large internal
  and external storage capacity.
• Used advance input output devices such as
  optical readers, laser prints, CD-ROM,/DVD-ROM
  drives etc.
• Disadvantages of Fourth Generation
• Much sophisticated technology was required to
  fabricate IC

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• Fifth Generation of Computer (1981 still
  continue)-
• This generation is started from 1981 and is still
  continued. The new technologies are adopted to
  fabricate IC chips. Such as electron beam. X-rays
  or laser rays. The very large scale integration
  (VLSI) was developed. To the computer become much
  smaller than every before. The first Personal
  Computer (PC) was marketed in 1981. in the same
  year Microsoft Corporation launched their new
  Operating System MS-DOS. The 3.5 inch floppy disk
  was introduced in 1984. Intels microprocessor
  80286 was made in 0985. While microprocessor
  80386 was made in 1985. Compact Disk (CD-ROM) was
  also invented in 1985. The Expert system were
  developed by using artificial Intelligence, and
  AI technology also called the knowledge
  processor. The AI means automatic programs that
  let the machines to think and decide themselves.
  The programming languages LISP (List processor)
  and PROLOG (Programming with logic) are used for
  artificial intelligence. A goal of fifth
  generation is to have the computer understand
  natural language and to recognize voice.
• Advantages of Fifth Generation.
• All the previous advantages
• very huge storage capacity available.
• long bit processor were built.
• Laptop computer introduced.
• Artificial intelligence languages developed.
• Disadvantages of fifth generation.
• Not reported

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• Types of Computers-
• Computers can also be divided into three
  categories depending upon their construction and
  form of input data that they accept and process.
  These are
• Digital Computer.
• Analog Computer.
• Hybrid Computer.

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• Digital Computer-
• A digital computer represents data in term of
  discrete number or in digit. Digital computer
  works on binary digit (0 to 1), these numbers are
  used to perform arithmetic calculations and also
  make logical decision to reach conclusion
  depending on the data they receive from the user.
  Now-a-days, the Personal Computer (PC) and
  digital watch are the example of Digital Computer
  and they are general purpose.

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• Analog Computer-
• Analog computer usually all the measuring device
  are called Analog Computer. An Analog Computing
  device can measure only the continuously variable
  quantities, such as temperature, Pressure,
  distance, velocity of sound and voltage etc. All
  of those devices which used to measure
  continuously variable data are called Analog
  computer, the Thermometer, Speedo meter of car,
  flow of petrol and stop watch are the example of
  Analog Computer.

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• Hybrid Computer-
• The combines both analog computer and digital
  computer capabilities in the same computer system
  are called Hybrid Computer. In Hybrid Computer
  the user can process both the continuous (Analog)
  and discrete (Digital) data, such as Ultra sound
  machine, the best example of Hybrid computer is
  Petrol Pump machine.

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• Classification of Digital Computers //
  Classification of Computer According to Size
  and Capacity
• According to size and capacity computers can be
  classified into following main groups.
• Super computer.
• Mainframe Computer.
• Mini Computer.
• Micro Computer.
• Laptop Computer.

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• Super Computer-
• Super Computers are high-capacity machines with
  hundreds of thousands of processors that can
  perform over 1 trillion calculations per second,
  and also very expensive. It was developed in
  1980s. It is used to process large amount of data
  and to solve the complicated scientific problems.
  In a single supercomputer thousands of users can
  be connected at the same time and the
  supercomputer handles the work of each user
  separately. Super computers are used in nuclear
  physics research, experimental oil fields,
  whether forecasting, satellite controlling, etc.
  The examples of supercomputer are CRAY-1, CARY-2,
  control data CYBER 205, and ETA-10 etc.

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• Mainframe // Macro Computer-
• The large size (large-scale) computers including
  all peripherals and attached equipment are termed
  as Mainframe or Macro Computer. Oftenly a
  mainframe computer is not a single computer, but
  it may have more than one CPU, it also has
  multiple processors. A mainframe computer might
  support thousands of users. For example, IBM
  S/390 mainframe can support 50.000 users
  simultaneously. The users often access a
  mainframe by means of a terminals, which has a
  display screen and a keyboard and can input and
  output data but cannot by itself process data.
• The mainframe computers are specially used as
  servers on the World Wide Web, and large
  organization such as Bank, Airlines, Universities
  etc. the examples of mainframe computers are IBM
  S/390, Control data CYBER-176, and Amdahl 580 etc.

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• Mini Computer-
• The minicomputers are smaller in size, have lower
  processing speed and also have lower cost than
  mainframe. These computers are known as
  minicomputers because of their small size as
  compared to other computers at that time. The
  minicomputers are used in business, education and
  many other Govt departments. Like mainframes,
  minicomputers are used as web servers. Single
  user minicomputers are used for sophisticated
  design tasks.

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• Micro Computer-
• The microcomputers are also known as personal
  Computers or simply PCs. Microprocessor is used
  in this type of computer. These are very small in
  size and cost. The IBMs first microcomputer was
  designed in 1981 and was named as IBM-PC. Micro
  computers are of several types desktop PCs,
  tower PCs, laptop (or notebooks), and PDA etc.
• Desktop PCs are those, in which the case or main
  housing sits on a desk,
• Tower PCs are those in which the case sits as a
  tower,
• Laptop Computer - Laptop computer is also known
  as notebook computer, are lightweight portable
  computers with built-in monitor, keyboard,
  hard-disk drive, battery, and AC adopter. It
  means that laptop computer has same features as
  personal computers. Laptop computer are more
  expensive than desktop computers. Normally, these
  computers are used in business travelers.
• Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs), also called
  handheld computers or palmtops, combine personal
  organization tools schedule planners, address
  books, to-do lists with the ability in some
  cases to send e-mails and faxes. Some PDAs have
  touch-sensitive screens. Some also connect to
  desktop computers for sending or receiving
  information.