States of Consciousness

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States of Consciousness

• 2-4

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• And then suddenly, I saw this bright light at
  the end of the tunnel.

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Summary Outline

• A. Sleep and Dreaming
• B. Hypnosis
• C. Psychoactive Drug Affects

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A. Sleep and Dreaming

• All animals need to sleep

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EEG and sleep
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EEG Recordings

• Frequency
• How fast ups and downs occur
• Amplitude
• Distance between a peak and a trough

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Stages of Sleep
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Characteristics of EEG sleep stages
Stage Frequency (cycles / second) Amplitude Wave Form
Stage I 4 - 8 50-100 Theta Waves
Stage II 8 - 15 50-150 Spindle Waves
Stage II 2 - 4 100-150 Slow waves plus splindles
Stage IV 0.5 - 2 100-200 Delta Waves
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Need for Sleep

• Preservation and Protection Theory
  
• Sleep Preserves energy
• Stay out of harms way during dangerous or
  unproductive parts of the day

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• Restorative Theory of Sleep
• Body needs to recovery from the day
• Muscles and brain relax during sleep as if
  resting up
• Sleep Deprivation
• Complete sleep deprivation prevents healing in
  rats, then kills them
• Circadian Rhythms
• Daily cycle of energy and relaxtion

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Functions of Sleep

• Lowering metabolic rate conserves energy
• Reduces the risk of thermal disequilibrium during
  the coldest part of the day

• New learning processes are inactivated which
  allows us to
• Reorganize and more efficiently store the
  information already in the brain

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Functions of sleep

• Homeostasis (constancy)
• Need for Alertness
• Fluctuates despite our best efforts
• Occasionally fails completely
• Sleep helps to restore

• Heteroplasticity (capacity to change in response
  to changing circumstances)
• Information processing

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Replenishment of Neurotransmitters

• During REM sleep
• Most neurons decrease activity slightly in sleep
• A small minority of neurons cease firing
  altogether

• Aminergic Neurons
• Norepinephrine- and Serotonin-releasing neurons
• Located in the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei
• Ach has a concurrent increase during REM sleep

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• Neuronal Replenishment theory suggest that
• Norepinephrine and serotonin are involved in
  alertness
• The producing neurons are inactive during REM
  sleep
• The brain produces these transmitters during
  sleep
• Which explains the refreshed feelings when we
  awake

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Dreaming

• Dreams Content, Lucid Dreaming
• Meaning of Dreams
• Wish fulfillment (Freud)
• Activation-synthesis (Hobson McCarley)
• Information Processing, Problem-Solving
• Daydreams and Fantasies

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Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia
• Narcolepsy
• Sleep apnea
• Somnambulism

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Sleep and Dreaming ActivitiesNeuroscience for
Kids

• http//faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chsleep.html
  
• Activity 1 Keep a "SLOG" (Sleep Log)
• Dream Journal Worksheet
• Sleep Journal Worksheet
• Activity 2 Be an REM Detective
• Activity 3 Drop off or Drift off?
• Activity 4 Sleep Latency

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B. Hypnosis

• Hypnotic susceptibility
• Age regression
• Posthypnotic suggestion
• Posthypnotic amnesia
• Meditation

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Theories of Hypnosis

• Deep relaxation
• Role playing
• State theory
• Dissociation theory

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C. Psychoactive Drug Affects

• Agonists (Mimic)
• Antagonists (Block)

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Abuse

• Drug Use / Drug Abuse / Dependence
• Psychological dependence
• Physical dependence
• Addiction
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal

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Indicators of severity

• Age
• Early initiation of drug use is a predictor
• Solitary Drug Use
• Solitary use is more indicative than social use
• Means of Acquiring Drugs
• Purchasing from Strangers
• Users often say they share
• What was given in return?

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• Motivation for Drug Use
• Reduce stress / Build self-esteem
• Rebelliousness
• Peer pressure / Desire to be sociable
• Use of Multiple Drugs
• Behavior While Under the Influence of Drugs
• Associated with traffic violations, pranks,
  shoplifting, fights

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Class Effects
Opiates / Narcotics Heroin Morphine Codeine Opiods
Depressants Alcohol Sedatives Barbiturates Tranquilizer
Stimulants Caffeine Amphetamines Cocaine Nicotine
Psychedelics LSD Mescaline Marijuana Hashish Phencyclidine