The Renaissance

1
The Renaissance

• 1485-1660

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Introduction

• the people of Europe living in the 1400s, 1500s,
  and 1600s didnt know that they were living in
  the Renaissance.
• Historical periods are historians inventions,
  useful labels for complex phenomena.
• The changes in peoples values, beliefs, and
  behavior that marked the emerging Renaissance
  occurred gradually.
• Much that could be called medieval lingered on
  long after the period known as the Middle Ages
  was past.

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Rediscovering Ancient Greece and Rome

• The term renaissance is a French word meaning
  rebirth. It refers particularly to renewed
  interest in classical learningthe writings of
  ancient Greece and Rome.
• During the Middle Ages, few ordinary people could
  read. Those who could read were encouraged to
  study texts explaining Church doctrine.
• In the Renaissance, however, people discovered
  the marvels of old Greek and Latin classicsbooks
  that had been forgotten for hundreds of years.

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The Spirit of Rebirth

• Some people became more curious about themselves
  and their world than people in general had been
  in the Middle Ages.
• Gradually there was a renewal of the human
  spirita renewal of curiosity and creativity.
• New energy seemed to be available for creating
  beautiful things and thinking new, even daring,
  thoughts.

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It All Began in Italy A Flourish of Genius

• The Renaissance began in Italy in the fourteenth
  century and lasted into the sixteenth.
• Extraordinary people flourished in this
  periodartists such as Leonardo da Vinci and
  Michelangelo, explorers such as Christopher
  Columbus, and scientists such as Galileo.
• Almost everyone in Europe and Britain at this
  time was Roman Catholic, so the Church was very
  rich and powerful.
• Many of the popes were generous supporters of
  artists, architects,
• and scholars.

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Michael Angelo
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David
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The Sistine Chapel
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Leonardo Da Vinci
Above Vitruvian Man Left Mona Liza
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Galileo
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Christopher Columbus
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It All Began in Italy A Flourish of Genius

• Pope Julius II, for example, commissioned the
  artist Michelangelo to paint gigantic scenes from
  the Bible on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, a
  small church in the popes city, called the
  Vatican.
• Michelangelos bright, heroic figures, which are
  still admired by thousands of visitors to Rome
  each year, show individual human beings who are
  noble and capable of perfection.
• This optimistic view of humanity was also
  expressed by many other Renaissance painters and
  writers.

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Humanism Questions About the Good Life

• Refreshed by the classics, the new writers and
  artists were part of an intellectual movement
  known as humanism.
• The humanists went to the old Latin and Greek
  classics to discover new answers to such
  questions as What is a human being? What is a
  good life? and How do I lead a good life?
• Of course, Christianity provided complete answers
  to these questions, answers that the Renaissance
  humanists accepted as true.
• They sought to harmonize the Bible and the
  classics.
• Their aim was to use the classics to strengthen,
  not discredit, Christianity.

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Humanism Questions About the Good Life

• The humanists first task was to recover accurate
  copies of these ancient writings.
• Their searches through Italian monasteries turned
  up writers and works whose very existence has
  been forgotten.
• Their next task was to share their findings. So
  they became teachers, especially of the young men
  who would become the next generations
  rulerswise and virtuous rulers, they hoped.

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The New Technology A Flood of Print

• The printing press transformed the way
  information was exchanged during the Renaissance.
  
• Before this, all books were laboriously written
  out by handyou can imagine how difficult and
  expensive this was and how few books were
  available.
• The inventor of printing with movable type was a
  German named Johannes Gutenberg (14001468).
• He printed the first complete book, an immense
  Latin Bible, at Mainz, Germany, around 1455. From
  there, the art and craft of printing spread to
  other cities in Germany and beyond.
• By 1500, relatively inexpensive books were
  available throughout western Europe.

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Guttenburgs Printing Press
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The New Technology A Flood of Print

• In 1476, printing reached England. In that year,
  William Caxton (14221491), a merchant, diplomat,
  and writer, set up a printing press in
  Westminster (now part of London).
• In all, Caxtons press issued about one hundred
  different titles, initiating a flood of print in
  English that is still increasing.

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Two FriendsTwo Humanists

• Desiderius Erasmus (1466?1536) is today perhaps
  the best known of all the Renaissance humanists.
• Erasmus was a Dutch monk, but he lived outside
  the monastery and loved to travel, visiting many
  of the countries in Europe, including Italy,
  France, Germany, and England.
• Because he wrote in Latin, he could address his
  many writings to all the educated people of
  western Europe.
• On his visits to England, Erasmus became friendly
  with a number of important people, among them a
  young lawyer named Thomas More (14771535).

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Two FriendsTwo Humanists

• More and Erasmus had much in common They both
  loved life, laughter, and classical learning, and
  they both were dedicated churchmen, though they
  were impatient with some of the Churchs corrupt
  practices at that time.
• Like Erasmus, More wrote in Latinpoems,
  pamphlets, biographies, and his famous treatise
  on human society, Utopia.
• More held a number of important offices, rose to
  the top of his profession, was knighted, and as
  lord chancellor, became one of the kings chief
  ministers.

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The Reformation Breaking with the Church

• While the Renaissance was going on throughout
  Europe, there occurred in some countries another
  important series of events, called the
  Reformation.
• In England these two vast movements were closely
  related, and their forces were felt by all
  English writers.
• Reformers rejected the authority of the pope and
  the Italian churchmen.
• By the 1530s, an open break with the Roman
  Catholic Church could no longer be avoided.
• By then a number of circumstances made such a
  break possible.
• Strong feelings of patriotism and national
  identity made the English people resent the
  financial burdens imposed on them by the
  Vaticanthe pope, after all, was a foreign power
  in far-off Italy.

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The Reformation Breaking with the Church

• Moreover, new religious ideas were coming into
  England from the Continent, especially from
  Germany.
• There, a monk named Martin Luther (14831546) was
  teaching a different kind of Christianity.
• His teachings were not based on what the pope
  said but rather on a personal understanding of
  the Bible.
• In addition, right at home in England, humanists
  like Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus were
  ridiculing the ignorance and idleness of monks
  and the loose living and personal wealth of
  priest and bishops.

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Martin Luther Reformer
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King Versus Pope All for an Heir

• The conflict between the pope and the king of
  England came to a climax when Henry VIII wanted
  to get rid of his wife of twenty-four years.
• The Church did not allow divorce, so Henry needed
  a loophole.
• He asked Pope Clement VII to declare that he,
  Henry, was not properly married to his Spanish
  wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she had
  previously been married to his older brother
  Arthur, now dead. (It was against Church law to
  marry a dead siblings spouse.)

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Catherine vs. Anne
QUEEN Concubine
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King Versus Pope All for an Heir

• Henry had two motives for wanting to get rid of
  Catherine.
• First, although she had borne him a daughter, she
  was too old to give him the male heir that he
  thought he must have.
• What is more, the king now wished to marry Anne
  Boleyn, who had been his favorite for several
  years.
• The pope was not able to grant Henry the
  annulment of his marriage, even if he had wanted
  to, because the pope was controlled by Queen
  Catherines nephew, the emperor of Spain.
• So when he received the popes refusal in 1533,
  Henry appointed a new archbishop of Canterbury,
  who obligingly declared Henrys marriage to
  Catherine invalid.
• In 1534, Henry concluded the break with Rome by
  declaring himself head of the English Church.

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King Versus Pope
Arthur Prince of Wales King Henry VIII
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Baby-Mama-Drama

• Why did Henry want a divorce so badly that he
  broke with the church?
• Catherine was unable to have a son although she
  did produce a girl (Mary).
• He lusted after a maid in waiting. And then fell
  in love with her sister, Ann Boleyn who refused
  to sleep with him unless they were married.
• He divorced Catherine and had a baby girl with
  Ann (Elizabeth).
• Catherine was put under house arrest because she
  refused to accept the annulment.

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HENRY VIIINOTORIOUS

• King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was
  wedded One died, one survived, two divorced, two
  beheaded."

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Henry VIII Renaissance Man and Executioner

• Henry VIII (reigned 15091547) had six wives
  After Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn, there
  were Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine
  Howard, and Catherine Parr.
• The sexual intrigues of the court trapped two of
  Henrys wives The king could play around, but he
  couldnt tolerate suspicions of his wives
  fidelity.
• Like Thomas More, Anne Boleyn and Catherine
  Howard lost their heads on the chopping block.

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Henry VIII Renaissance Man and Executioner

• Despite his messy home life, Henry VIII was an
  important figure in history.
• He created the Royal Navy, which put a stop to
  foreign invasions of England and provided the
  means for the political power, language, and
  literature of England to spread all over the
  globe.
• Henry himself deserves the title Renaissance man.
  
• He wrote poetry and played many musical
  instruments well he was a champion athlete and a
  hunter and he supported the new humanistic
  learning.
• In his old age, however, Henry was also coarse,
  dissolute, arrogant, and a womanizer.
• He died without knowing that the child he ignored
  because she was female would become the greatest
  ruler England ever had.

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WIFIE
Queen Mary Ann Boleyn-aka
Mom Jane Seymour of Aragon (divorced)
(Beheaded) bore
Edward I

(Died)
Ann of Cleves Catherine Howard
Catherine ParrAka The Flanders
Mare Adulterer (Beheaded) Married
Thomas Seymour (Divorced)

(Survived!)
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Henry Catherine of Aragon Mary Henry
Anne Boleyn Elizabeth Henry Jane
Seymour Edward
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The Protestant Reformation

• Henry closed all of Englands monasteries and
  sold the rich buildings and lands to his
  subjects.
• While the vast majority of his subjects agreed
  with Henrys changes in the Church, some of them
  did not.
• The best known of those who remained loyal to the
  pope was Sir Thomas More, the lord chancellor of
  England.
• More felt he could not legally recognize his
  friend Henry as head of the Church.
• For Mores stubbornness, Henry ordered that More
  be beheaded.

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The Protestant Reformation

• This was the very beginning of Protestantism in
  England.
• Many people were dissatisfied with the new church
  for reasons just the opposite of Mores.
• They felt that it was not reformed enough, that
  it was merely a copy of Catholicism, as in some
  ways it was.
• These people later became known as Puritans,
  Baptists, Presbyterians, Dissenters, and
  Nonconformists.
• Some of them said that religion was solely a
  matter between the individual and God.
• This idea, which is still the foundation of most
  Protestant churches, is closely related to the
  teachings of those Renaissance humanists who
  emphasized the freedom of all human beings.

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After King Henrys Death

• Henry VIII21 April15091547
• Catholic-Protestant
• Mary I("Bloody Mary")19 July15531558
• Catholic

• Edward VI28 January15471553
• Protestant
• Elizabeth I("The Virgin Queen")17
  November15581603
• Protestant

• Jane Grey("The Nine Days' Queen")10 July19
  July 1553 (Executed)

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The Boy King and Bloody Mary

• Henry VIII was survived by three children Mary,
  Elizabeth, and Edward.
• According to the laws of succession, a son had to
  be crowned first, and so at age nine the son of
  Henry and Jane Seymour became Edward VI (reigned
  15471553).
• An intelligent but sickly boy, he ruled in name
  only while his relatives wielded the actual
  power.
• When Edward died (of tuberculosis), he was
  followed by his half-Spanish half-sister, Mary
  (reigned 15531558).
• Mary was a devout, strong-willed Catholic
  determined to avenge the wrongs done to her
  mother, Catherine of Aragon.
• She restored the popes power in England and
  ruthlessly hunted down Protestants.

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Edward VI Boy King
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The Boy King and Bloody Mary

• If she had lived longer and exercised better
  judgment, Mary might have undone all her fathers
  accomplishments.
• She made a strategic error, however, when she
  burned about three hundred of her subjects at the
  stake.
• She further lost the support of her people when
  she married Philip II, king of Spain, a country
  England was beginning to fear and hate.
• Marys executions earned her the name Bloody
  Mary.
• Because she was childless, upon her death she was
  succeeded by her sister Elizabeth.

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Bloody Mary
On behalf of the Catholic Church
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Spanish Inquisition
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Spanish Inquisition
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Elizabeth The Virgin Queen

• Elizabeth I (reigned 15581603) was one of the
  most brilliant and successful monarchs in
  history.
• Since she inherited a kingdom torn by fierce
  religious feuds, her first task was to restore
  law and order.
• She reestablished the Church of England and again
  rejected the popes authority.
• The pope excommunicated her.
• To keep Spain happy, she pretended that she just
  might marry her widowed brother-in-law, King
  Philip.
• Philip was the first of a long procession of
  noblemen, both foreign and English, who wanted to
  wed her.
• However, Elizabeth resisted marriage all her life
  and officially remained the Virgin Queen.
• She knew that her strength lay in her
  independence and in her ability to play one
  suitor off against another.

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Elizabeth
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A True Daughter

• A truly heroic person, Elizabeth survived many
  plots against her life.
• Several of these plots were initiated by her
  cousin, another MaryMary Stuart, Queen of Scots.
  
• As Elizabeth had no children, Mary was heir to
  Englands throne because she too was a direct
  descendant of Henry VII.
• A Catholic, Mary was eventually deposed from her
  throne in Protestant Scotland.
• Put under house arrest, she lived as a royal
  exile in England, carefully watched by her cousin
  Elizabeth.
• Elizabeth endured Mary and her plots for twenty
  years and then, a true daughter of her father,
  sent her Scottish cousin to the chopping block.

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Accomplishments

• It was a major accomplishment that she ever
  survived to become Queen of England! Her mother
  was executed on the charge of Treason, adultery
  and incest. She was branded a bastard by her
  father, King Henry VIII. She lost her title of
  Princess Elizabeth and had to be referred to as
  Lady Elizabeth!
• It was a major accomplishment to survive the
  questioning she endured at the Tower of London
  when she was imprisoned there by her half-sister
  Mary Tudor ( aka Mary I Bloody Mary). She was
  accused of being involved with the Protestant
  rebellion, led by Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger
• Her reign witnessed widespread increase in
  literacy and great achievements in the arts  -
  great poets and playwrights emerged during her
  era such as William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser,
  Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh)

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Accomplishments

• The reign of Queen Elizabeth I also saw
  significant expansion overseas. Great explorers
  were encouraged such as Sir Francis Drake, Sir
  Walter Raleigh, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Humphrey
  Gilbert and Sir Richard Greenville
• The new scientific thinking of the renaissance
  was encouraged and important men such as Sir
  Francis Bacon and Dr. John Dee emerged during the
  Elizabethan era
• She achieved an excellent reputation as a good
  and wise ruler, who was truly loved by her people
  - she was highly accomplished in the art of
  rhetoric and Public Relations

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Elizabeth Religion

• Queen Elizabeth adopted a moderate religious
  policy. The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity
  (1559), the introduction of the Prayer Book of
  1559, and the Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) were
  all Protestant in doctrine, but preserved many
  traditionally Catholic ceremonies. Although a
  Protestant she did not persecute Catholics with
  conviction - she adopted a moderate approach
• She established Protestantism as the country's
  religion

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The Spanish Armada Sinks A Turning Point in
History

• King Philip of Spain, ever watchful for an
  opportunity to hammer at England, used Marys
  execution as an excuse to invade England.
• He assembled a vast fleet of warships for that
  purpose the famous Spanish Armada.
• In 1588, Englands Royal Navy, assisted greatly
  by nasty weather in the Irish Sea, destroyed the
  Armada.
• This victory assured Englands and all of
  northern Europes independence from the powerful
  Catholic countries of the Mediterranean.
• It was a great turning point in history and
  Elizabeths finest moment.
• If Spain had prevailed, history would have been
  quite different All of North America, like most
  of South America, might be speaking Spanish
  instead of English.

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A Flood of Literature

• What is the connection between these political
  events and English literature?
• With their own religious and national identity
  firmly established, the English started writing
  as never before.
• After the defeat of the Armada, Elizabeth became
  a beloved symbol of peace, security, and
  prosperity to her subjects, and she provided
  inspiration to scores of English authors.
• They represented her in poetry, drama, and
  fiction as a mythological figure.
• Literary works that did not directly represent
  her were dedicated to her because authors knew
  she was a lover of literature, a person of
  remarkably wide learning, and something of a
  writer herself.

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William Shakespeare Bio

• Born in Stratford on about April 23rd 1564.
• His father William was a successful local
  businessman and his mother Mary was the daughter
  of a landowner.
• The family paid for Williams education, although
  there is no evidence he attended university.
• In 1582 William, aged only 18, married Anne
  Hathaway who was seven or eight years older .
  They had their first daughter, Susanna.
• They had another 2 children but Williams only
  son Hamnet died aged only 11.

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Shakespeare

• Anne Hathaway

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Shakespeares Bio

• Spent most of his time in London writing and
  performing in his plays.
• Didnt mind being absent from his family - only
  returning home during Lent when all theatres were
  closed.
• In the1590s he wrote the majority of his sonnets.
  This was a time of prolific writing and his plays
  developed a good deal of interest and
  controversy.
• Due to some well timed investments he was able to
  secure a firm financial background leaving time
  for writing and acting. The best of these
  investments was buying some real estate near
  Stratford in 1605. It soon doubled in value.

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Shakespeares Bio

• 1603 Shakespeare's theatrical company was taken
  under the patronage of King James I, and became
  known as the King's Company.
• In 1608, the company acquired the Black friars
  Theatre.  Shakespeare soon joined the group of
  the now famous writers who gathered at Mermaid
  Tavern, located on Bread Street in Cheapside.
• Retired from theatre in 1610 and returned to
  Stratford.

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Shakespeares Bio

• 1613 Globe Theatre burned down, but Shakespeare
  remained quite wealthy and contributed to the
  building of the new Globe Theatre.
• Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 and was buried
  in the chancel of the Church of the Holy Trinity
  in Stratford.
• A monument to Shakespeare was set up on the
  north wall of the chancel, with a bust of
  Shakespeare.

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The Globe Theater
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Shakespeares Bio

• The bust and the engraving by Droeshout that
  prefixed the First Folio are the only renderings
  of Shakespeare that are considered to be
  accurate.
• In Shakespeare's will, he left most of his
  property to Susanna and her daughter, except for
  his "second-best bed," which he left to his wife.

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The Age of Shakespeare

• Shakespeare lived and worked between 1564 and
  1616, placing him squarely in the long and
  important reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603).
  
• The periodthe age of Shakespearewas shaped by
  Queen Elizabeths indomitable spirit, and is
  considered something of a golden age for English
  literature.
• Shakespeare is often at the forefront of our
  minds as an example of and great influence on
  Elizabethan England

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Shakespeares Curse

• On his Tombstone
• Good friend for Jesus sake forbear
• To dig the dust enclosed here
• Blest be the man that spares these
• Stones and curst be he that moves my
• Bones

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The Grave Curse
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Shakespeare Contributor

• Stands out in this period as a poet and
  playwright as yet unsurpassed.
• Gifted and incredibly versatile, and he surpassed
  "professionals" as Robert Greene who mocked this
  "shake-scene" of low origins.
• Though most dramas met with great success in the
  Elizabethan Era, it is in his later years (marked
  by the early reign of James I) that he wrote what
  have been considered his greatest plays Hamlet,
  Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth,
  Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest.
• His plays have been translated into every major
  living language, and are performed more often
  than those of any other playwright.

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Shakespeares Works

• Shakespeare produced most of his known work
  between 1590 and 1613.
• Early plays were mainly comedies and histories,
  genres he raised to the peak of sophistication
  and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century.
  
• He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608,
  including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth,
  considered some of the finest examples in the
  English language.
• In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also
  known as romances.

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Contributions Cont.

• There are four periods in Shakespeare's writing
  career.
• Until the mid-1590s-wrote mainly comedies
  influenced by Roman and Italian models and
  history plays in the popular chronicle tradition.
  
• His second period about 1595 with the tragedy
  Romeo and Juliet and ended with the tragedy of
  Julius Caesar in 1599. During this time, he wrote
  what are considered his greatest comedies and
  histories.
• From about 1600 to about 1608, his "tragic
  period", Shakespeare wrote mostly tragedies
• 1608 to 1613, mainly romances.

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Influence Relevance

• Improvement of blank verse
• Combination of traditional with freer style.
• Development of characters
• Wide range of themes
• He was not of an age, but for all time! Ben
  Jonson Quote (1573 - 1637) ...

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A Dull Man Succeeds a Witty Woman

• Elizabeth died childless.
• She was succeeded by her second cousin, James VI
  of Scotland, the son of Elizabeths cousin Mary.
• As James I of England (reigned 16031626), he
  lacked Elizabeths ability to resolve critical
  issues.
• James was a spendthrift where Elizabeth had been
  thrifty he was thick-tongued and goggle-eyed
  where she had been glamorous and witty he was
  essentially a foreigner where she had been a
  complete Englishwoman.
• James I tried hard.
• He wrote learned books he patronized
  Shakespeare he sponsored a new translation of
  the Bible and he was in many respects an
  admirable man and a benevolent, peaceful ruler.
• Yet his relationship with many of his subjects
  went from bad to worse.

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The Decline of the Renaissance

• Jamess son and successor, Charles I (reigned
  16251649), turned out to be remote, autocratic,
  and self-destructive.
• Some of his most powerful subjects had him
  beheaded in 1649.
• For the next eleven years, England was ruled by
  Parliament and the Puritan dictator Oliver
  Cromwell, not by an anointed king.
• When Charless son came to power eleven years
  later, in 1660, England had changed in many
  important ways.

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Parliament
67
The Decline of the Renaissance

• Of course the Renaissance did not end in 1660
  when Charles II returned from exile in France,
  just as it had not begun on a specific date.
• Renaissance values, which were primarily moral
  and religious, gradually eroded, and Renaissance
  energies gradually gave out.
• The last great writer of the English Renaissance
  was John Milton, who lived on into an age in
  which educated people were becoming more worldly
  in their outlook.
• Scientific truths were soon to challenge
  long-accepted religious beliefs.

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The Decline of the Renaissance

• The English Renaissance was over.
• And so is this Power Point o)

Elizabeth I Bloody Mary