Chap.13 Succession

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Chap.13 Succession

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Successsion (??)

• Succession Defined
• Patterns of successional change
• Mechanisms of Successional Change
• Connell-Slatyer Models
• Tilmans Resource model
• Interactions among the succession models
• The role of Herbivores in succession
• Probabilistic models of succession
• The Nature of the climax
• Environmental application

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Fig. 13.1 Old Krakatau (shown by the dashed line)
was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 1883,
leaving only Rakata, a lifeless remnant, at the
southern end.
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Fig. 13.2 The number of species on Rakata as a
function of time after the Krakatau explosion.
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Succession Defined

• Degradative succession ??
• Autotrophic (??) succession
• Hetrotrophic (??) succession
• Primary succession
• Secondary succession
• Pioneer stage
• Seral stage
• Climax ??,???,???? (disclimax)

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The role of disturbance in communities

• Disturbance, any relatively discrete event in
  time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or
  population structure and changes resource or
  substrate availability or the abiotic
  environment.
• The effect of a disturbance depends on the nature
  of the disturbance and the type of habitat.

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Fig. 13.3 ???????????
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Fig. 13.3 (b) ????????????????????
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Fig. 13.3 (c) ?????????
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Fig. 13.4 The characterization of disturbance
along three dimensions frequency, severity, and
spatial extant.
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Patterns of successional Change

• Primary succession
• Dune succession
• Succession after recent glaciation
• Secondary succession
• Old field succession
• Succession in lodgepole pine forest
• Variation in the patterns of succession

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Fig. 13.6 Five stages (a) beach and the foredune
vegetation
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Fig. 13.6 (b) stabilized-dune vegetation
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Fig. 13.6 (c) shrub zone
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Fig. 13.6 (d) pine zone
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Fig. 13.6 Five stages of dune succession (e) oak
forest
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Fig. 13.8 Migration of the ice front in Muir
Inlet of Glacier Bay, Alaska.Dates indicate the
snout of the glacier from 1860 to
1960.?????,???????
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Fig. 13.9 Recession of the Muir Glacier from
1978(a) to 1997 (b).
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Fig. 13.9 Recession of the Muir Glacier from
1978(a) to 1997 (b).
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Fig. 13.11
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Old field succession
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Fig. 13.12 The four stages of lodgepole pine
succession in Yellostone National Park. In stage
I (0-50 years) after the fire.
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Fig. 13.12 The four stages of lodgepole pine
succession in Yellostone National Park. In stage
II, characterized by the maturation of the trees.
(50-150 years)
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Fig. 13.12 The four stages of lodgepole pine
succession in Yellostone National Park. In stage
III. As some of the trees in Stage II begin to
die, Stage III begins. Trees mature and weaken,
and many are killed by bark beetles. Light
reaches the forest floor, and seedlings germinate
and grow.
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Fig. 13.12 Stage IV begins after approximately
250 years. Lodgepoles are reaching their maximum
life span and death are common. This stage is
very vulnerable to fire.
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Fig. 13.13 Historical pattern of fires in
Yellostone based on tree-ring data.
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Fig. 13.14
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Fig. 13.15 Alternative successionalo pathways in
Lake Michigan sand dunes.
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Fig. 13.16 Alternative successional pathways in
taiga. The paths vary depending on the
microclimate and substrate.
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Mechanisms of successional change

• Connell-Slatyer Models
• Facilitation model
• Tolerance model
• Inhibition model
• Tilmans Resource model
• Light and soil nitrogen are inversely related.
• Succession is driven by the change in species
  composition dictated by the changes in resources
  over time.

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Fig. 13.24 Tilmans model of succession
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Probabilistic models of succession

• Horn (1975) attempted to assess the succession
  could be described as a statistical process
  dependent on a series of transition probabilities
  from one state to another.
• ???Markov chains ????,transitions from one state
  to another are stochastic process that depend
  only on the current state, not on any previous
  state.

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????????,The two distributions are not
statistically different.
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?4. ?????????Pg??????? Pn???????R????B??????
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?4. ?????????? Pg??????? Pn???????R????B??????
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??????? (succession)

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The nature of the climax

• The concept of climax
• Monoclimax
• Polyclimax
• Equilibrium and climax
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• ???????,??????(climax)?
• ????,???????????

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ayo_at_faculty.pccu.edu.tw Ayo
??? http//faculty.pccu.edu.tw/ayo