Human anatomy

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Human anatomy
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QUESTION

• ?
• ???????????
• ???????????????
• ???????????,???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????

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SYSTEMATIC
ANATOMY
?????(?)
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• INTRODUCTION
• ??

???????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????
??? ?????????? ??????????????? ?.????????
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???????????????? ????????the definition of
human anatomy ??????????????,???????
???????? ????????the definition of systematic
anatomy ?????????????????? ??????


??
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??????????subdivisions of human
anatomy ??????systematic anatomy ?????topograph
ic(regional)anatomy ??????????,??????
?????????????????? ?????,???????????,
?????????????? ??????clinical anatomy




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??????????? ????????????????????????
??
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?????????
Hippcrates
Hippocrates----?????(???460377)????????????
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Galen
Galen-------- ??(130200)??????????,???,????????
???????????????
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Vesalius------(15141564) ?????????,1543????????
????????????
Vesalius
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Harvey
Harvey------(15781657) ??????,??????????,????????
??????????????????????????????????????
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????????????

• ???300200???????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ???(17681831)?????????????????????
• 19492003???????????????,???????????????????????,?
  ???????????????????

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?????????????importance of learning human
anatomy ????????????????????,???????????????
???,???????????????????????,??????????????????,???
???????????????????,???????????????????????????

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??????????regions and systems
?????10???The human body can be divided into 10
regions head, neck, back, thorax, abdomen,
pelvis and perineum, left and right upper limbs,
and left and right lower limbs.
?9????? formed by 9 systems????locomotor
system(bony, articular and muscular
systems)?????digestive system?????respiratory
system ?????urinary system?????reproductive
system?????circulatory system????sensory
organs?????nervous system???????endocrine system

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???????????????
1.????? Anatomical position ?????,???,??????,????
,????????????,??????
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2.???? terms of direction ?superior??inferior(cra
nial , caudal) toward the
head/the feet ?anterior??poste
rior(ventral , dorsal) toward the
front/back of the
body ??medial???lateral toward the
midline/side ?internal ??external ?profundal??supe
rficial) away from /toward the

surface ??proximal???distal(in the limbs) toward
/away from the trunk
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3.??? axis and plane ???? vertical axis
????sagittal axis ????coronal axis ?.???
sagittal plane, ?????median sigittal
plane? ????????coronal plane or frontal
plane? ????????horizontal plane or transverse
plane
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?.????????

• 1.???????????
• 2.???????????
• 3.????????
• 4.??????????

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PART 1 THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
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• ??????bones????joints???? muscles ??,?????60
• ??????
• ????????
• ????????
• ??
• ??support ??
• ??Protection ??
• ??Locomotion ?

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Chapter 1

• Osteology

? ?
?????? ? Structures of bones???? ?.??????????? ???
?????? ?.???????
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Section 1 The General Description??
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???????,??????? ???????,??????? ???????,???????
???????,??????? ???????,???????? ??7?,??12?,??5
?,??1?,??1?(??26?)?24??,1???(??51?)?
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?????? ?Bones 206 ??? ?? cranial ???
trunk ??? limb ??? 1??? long bone ??
diaphysis ? epiphyses ??? articular surface
???epiphysial cartilage ?? epiphysial line ???
medullary cavity
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2??? short bone 3??? flat bone 4?????irregular
bone ???pneumatic bones
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? Structures of bones????

• 1.??Bone substance ??
• ???compact bone ???
• ???spongy bone ???
• ????,?trabeculae?????
• ?In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of
  compact bone are called the outer plate and inner
  plate?????, while the layer of spongy bone is
  called the diploë ??

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• 2.??Periosteum ??
• 3.??Bone marrow ??
• Red bone marrow ??? Yellow bone marrow???

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?.Chemical composition and physical
properties???????????

• 1.???Organic material???
• ???????????????,??1/3?????,??????????
• 2.??? Inorganic salts???
• ????????,??2/3?????????

Organic material Inorganic salts
Children 1 1
Adult 3 7
Old 1 4
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????????? 1????????????????,?????????????????
????????? 2?????????????,?????????(????)??????
?????
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Section 2 The Bones of Trunk

• ???

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??????
??Vertebrae (26) ??sternum (1) ?ribs (24)
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(?)?? vertebrae
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1???????? ?? vertebral body ?? vertebral
arch ?? vertebral foramen ?? vertebral
canal ??? pedicles ?? notch ???
intervertebral foramen ??? laminae ??
spinous process ?? transverse process ??????
superior and inferior articular processes
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2???????? (1)?? cervical vertebrae
??atlas ??axis ??vertebra prominens (2)??thoraci
c vertebrae (3)??lumbar vertebrae
???
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(4)??sacrum ???anterior?promontory sacral
foramina ???dorsal sacral foramina ????median
sacral crest ??sacral canal ????hiatus ???auricula
r surface ??sacral cornua (5)?? coccyx
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?? ?????????? e.g. ?anterior
(??ventral)??? ????(?????)????,??????,????,????
,???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????,?????
?????????,??????????? ? ????????????????
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????1?????? ?????, ???????
,2001? 2?K.L.MOORE,A.M.R.AGUR,ESSENTIAL CLINICAL
ANATOMY , 2002 3?GRAYS ANATOMY 38th edition
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??

• 1.????????
• 2.??????????
• 3.?????????????????
• 4.????????????
• 5.??????????????????

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???

• 1.??
• (1)periosteum (2) intervertebral foramina
• (3)vertebral foramina
• 2.???????
• 3.??????????

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??

• ???
• 1.???????
• 2.???
• 3.?????,?????,??
• 4.???????,????????????
• ?????????
• 1.?????
• 2.?????
• 3.?????