Unit 7 Chapter 10: Federal Bureaucracy

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Unit 7Chapter 10 Federal Bureaucracy

• Section 1
• Bureaucratic Organization
• Mr. Young

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Essential Questions

• What is the major importance of the Federal
  Bureaucracy?

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I CAN

1. Define the concept of Bureaucracy and describe
   its characteristics
2. Explain the concept of a Bureaucrat and their
   function within the government
3. Identify and Describe the structure and function
   of the Federal Bureaucracy

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Group 1

• Definitions of Bureaucracy

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Bureaucracy -

• A professional corps of unelected officials
  organized in a pyramid hierarchy, functioning
  under impersonal uniform rules and procedures.

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Bureaucracy

• A hierarchical organization in which offices have
  specified missions and employees are assigned
  responsibility based on merit, knowledge, and
  experience.

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bureaucracy

• Definition an administrative system, especially
  in a government, that divides work into specific
  categories carried out by special departments of
  nonelected officials

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bureaucracy

• literally means rule by desks
• government by clerks

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Duty of BureaucracyCabinet Departments

• Most Important duty Carry out the Day-to-Day
  business of the government
• 15 cabinet departments

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Group 2

• What and Whom are Bureaucrats?

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Bureaucrats

• A Civil servant
• Permanent employee of the government

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Who are the Bureaucrats?

• 97 are career government employees
• Only 10 live in the D.C. area
• 30 work for the D.O.D.
• Less than 15 work for social welfare
  agencies
• Most are white collar workers secretaries,
  clerks, lawyers, inspectors
  engineers
• Civil employees more diverse demographically than
  Congress

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The Federal Bureaucracy is

• 4 million employees 2.8 million are civilians or
  civil servants
• President only appoints 3 (patronage or
  political appointments)
• 15 cabinet level departments
• 200 independent agencies with 2,000 bureaus,
  divisions, branches, etc.
• Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Service,
  Veterans Administration

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Bureaucratic Statistics

• 2.9 million civilians
• 1.4 million military
• 4.2 million state
• 11.4 million local
• Total 19.8 million people work for government

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Where do Federal Employees Work?
Source www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivitie
s/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
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What Jobs Do Bureaucrats Do?
Source www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivitie
s/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
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Demographics of Federal Employees
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Group 3

• Functions and Structures of the Federal
  Bureaucracy

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Functions of the Federal Bureaucracy

• Implementation - carry out laws of Congress,
  executive orders of the President
• Administration - routine administrative work
  provide services (ex SSA sends social security
  checks to beneficiaries)
• Regulation - issue rules and regulations that
  impact the public (ex EPA sets clean air
  standards)
• Source http//www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/sub
  jects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp

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Organization

• Departments, agencies, boards, commissions,
  corporations, and advisory committees
• Article 2- President appoints heads of departments

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The Cabinet Departments

• The 15 cabinet departments headed by a cabinet
  secretary appointed by the president and approved
  by the Senate
• Each department expert in specific policy area
• Each department has its own budget
• Department of Homeland Security, created in 2002,
  is newest department

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Department of Homeland Security
Executive Secretary
Commandant of Coast Guard (1)
Legislative Affairs
Secretary ---------------------------------- Deput
y Secretary
Inspector General
Public Affairs
General Counsel
State and Local Coordination
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
Citizenship Immigration Service Ombudsman (1)
Director, Bureau of Citizenship Immigration
Services (1)
Special Assistant to the Secretary (private
sector)
Director of the Secret Service (1)
Privacy Officer
Small Disadvantaged Business
National Capital Region Coordination
Chief of Staff
International Affairs
Shared Services
Counter Narcotics
Under Secretary Science and Technology
Under Secretary Information Analysis and
Infrastructure Protection
Under Secretary Border Transportation Security
Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and
Response
Under Secretary Management
Note (1) Effective March 1st, 2003
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Independent Executive Agencies

• Established by Congress with separate status
  outside the executive branch
• Given a specific mandate and generally perform a
  service function, not a regulatory one.
• Some examples include Social Security
  Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.

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Independent Agencies

• Similar to cabinet departments but usually have a
  narrower area of responsibility
• Ex NASA, CIA
• Perform services for the executive branch

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Independent Regulatory Commissions

• IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic
  activity or interest such as the Federal
  Communications Commission (public air waves) or
  Federal Reserve Board (banking system, money
  supply)
• IRCs operate independently from Congress and the
  President
• Once appointed and seated, members cannot be
  removed without cause

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Regulatory Commissions

• Administrative units that have responsibility for
  the monitoring and regulation of ongoing economic
  activities
• Created to make rules for large industries and
  businesses that affect public interest
• Under intense pressure from lobbyists
• Ex EPA (environment), SEC (stocks and bonds)

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Government Corporations

• Government owned businesses created by Congress
• May or may not be profitable, but serve a public
  need
• Ex U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Tennessee Valley
  Authority, Corporation for Public Broadcasting

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Government Corporations

• Independent agencies, are similar to private
  organizations in that they can charge for their
  services but differ in that they receive federal
  funding
• ExTVA, USPS, Amtrak

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Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Source www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivitie
s/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
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Group 4

• Characteristics and Criticisms

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Characteristics of a Bureaucracy

• administration of government through departments
• consists of unelected often highly trained
  professionals
• task specialization
• hierarchical authority

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Public Perceptionsof Bureaucracies

• impersonal
• inclined to follow rigid or complex procedures
• may stifle effectiveness and innovation
• red tape

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Criticism of Bureaucracy

• I. RED TAPE
• too many rigid procedures gtgtgt ex all hiring must
  be done through OPM
• too many policies with no flexibility for special
  circumstances
• too many forms to fill out, lines to wait
• II. INEFFICIENCY
• lack of incentive to be productive - no profit
  motive
• III. DUPLICATION OF SERVICES
• bureaucracy is so complicated
• agencies are performing similar and sometimes the
  same functions
• Dept. of Commerce overlaps with Dept. of
  Agriculture, GSA overlaps with Dept. of Interior,
  etc.
• federalism makes this more complicated, many
  services are provided at the state and national
  level both

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Criticisms Continued

• IV. BUREAUCRACY IS LAW MAKER
• regulations end up having the effect of law.
• V. BUREAUCRACY IS TOO BIG
• privatization would be more effective
• VI. BUREAUCRACY IS CORRUPT
• iron triangle - reveals the relationship between
  the Executive branch, Congress and private
  interest groups that can lead to decisions which
  benefit the private sector at the expense of the
  government.

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Group 5

• Oversight of the Federal Bureaucracy

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The President Supervises the
Bureaucracy

• The President can
• appoint remove
  agency heads
• reorganize the bureaucracy
• issue executive orders
• reduce an agency's budget

President Bush speaks about his budget
priorities for FY 2007
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Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy

• Congress can
• create or abolish agencies
  departments
• cut or reduce funding
• investigate agency activities
• hold committee hearings
• pass legislation that alters an
  agency's functions
• influence or even fail to confirm presidential
  appointments

Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before
House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina
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Federal Courts Check the Bureaucracy

• Federal courts can
• through judicial review rule on whether the
  bureaucracy has acted within the law and the U.S.
  Constitution
• provide due process for individuals affected by a
  bureaucratic action

Supreme Court of the United States
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Question

• Why do you think that the organization of
  Bureaucracies are so confusing?

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Question

• What do the 15 departments help to make up,
  guaranteed by the 25th amendment, that we talked
  about in the last unit.

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AnswerPresidential Succession
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Cabinet Departments

• Serve as the major service organization for the
  federal government
• Has broad powers and responsibility
• 15 different cabinets with different agendas and
  duties

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Department of State

• Founded 1789
• Overall foreign policy of the United States
• Embassies- office of ambassadors in foreign
  countries
• Current Secretary Hillary Clinton

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Department of Defense

• Founded 1789 (Department of War)
• Changed name in 1949
• Protects the nations security
• Joint Chiefs of Staff (Army, Navy, Marines, and
  Air Force)
• Current Secretary Leon Panetta

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Department of Treasury

• Founded 1789
• Managing the money of the US
• Ex IRS, Bureau of Mint, Bureau of Public Debt
• Current Secretary Timothy Geithner

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Department of Interior

• Founded 1849
• Protect public lands and natural resources
  throughout the nation
• Ex Bureau of Mines
• Current Secretary Ken Salazar

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Question

• What Service, created by Teddy Roosevelt, would
  be found in the Department of Interior? (hint,
  think of Old Faithful)

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Department of Agriculture

• Founded 1862
• Help farmers improve their income and expand
  their markets
• Ex Food Safety and Inspection Service
• Current Secretary Tom Vilsack

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Department of Justice

• Founded 1870
• Attorney General (1789)
• Oversee the nations legal affairs
• Ex FBI, DEA, US Marshals
• Current Secretary Attorney General Eric Holder

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Department of Commerce

• Founded 1903
• Promote and protect the industrial and commercial
  segments of the American economy
• Ex Bureau of Census, Patent and Trademark
  Office, National Institute of Standards and
  Technology
• Current Secretary John Bryson

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Department of Labor

• Founded 1913
• Protects American workers safe working
  conditions, safeguards a minimum wage, and
  protects pension rights
• Ex Office of American Workplace
• Current Secretary Hilda Solis

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Housing and Urban Development

• Founded 1965
• Preserve the nations communities and ensure
  equal housing opportunities
• Ex Government National Mortgage Association
• Current Secretary Shaun Donovan

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Transportation Department

• Founded 1966
• Regulate all aspects of transportation needs,
  policy development, and planning
• Federal Aviation, Railroad, Highway, and Transit
• Secretary Ray Lahood

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Energy Department

• Founded 1977
• Plans energy policy and researches and develops
  energy technology
• Secretary Stephen Chu

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Question

• What are some new research methods that the
  Energy Department is trying to work on to help
  the world with their environment problem?

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AnswerClean Energy, such as Wind, Solar, Clean
Coal, Electric Cars
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Health and Human Services Department

• Founded 1979
• Health and social services needs of people
• Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, FDA
• Secretary Kathleen Sebeliu

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Education Department

• Founded 1979
• Coordinate federal assistance programs for public
  and private schools
• Education is an essential feature of democracy
• Secretary Arne Duncan

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Veterans Affairs Department

• Founded 1989
• Administers several hospitals, educational, and
  other programs designed to benefit veterans and
  families
• Secretary Eric Shinseki

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Homeland Security Department

• Founded 2002
• Created after September 11th to help protect our
  nation, analyzes information from FBI and CIA
• Secretary Janet Napiltano

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Organization Cont.
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Title The Damages of the Bureaucracy

• Artist unknown, La Presna, Panama
• Date May, 2006
• Source http//www.politicalcartoons.com

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Title Federal Employees Self Esteem Class
Artist Chip Bok Date
unknown Source http//www.reason.com/9602/bok.gif

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Title Another Layer of Bureaucracy
Artist Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant Date
February, 2006 Source http//www.politicalcart
oons.com
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Title FEMAs Follies
Artist Mike Keefe, The Denver Post Date April,
2006 Source http//www.cagle.com/news/FEMASFollie
s/main.asp
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Essential Questions

• What is the major importance of the Federal
  Bureaucracy?

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Works Cited Page

• http//www.federalbudget.com/chartinfo.html
• www.youthleadership.net
• The Federal Bureaucracy Examining the Fourth
  Branch