Nobel prize in physics

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Nobel prize in physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to
180 individuals since 1901. (John Bardeen was
awarded the prize in both 1956 and 1972.(
Noble Prize In Physics- Ashraf Gouda

• Presented by Ashraf Gouda

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What Is physics?(and why should you care?)

• Physics is the study of the basic physical world
• It addresses How and Why questions
• It explains and predicts how the universe works.
• Physics is key to scientific literacy
• Understanding physics is useful in every day life
• Leaving physical problem to other is expensive
• Modern technological society depend on physics.

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901

• "in recognition of the extraordinary services he
  has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable
  rays subsequently named after him
• Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
• Germany

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X-rays

• How Are X-rays Made?
• The penetrating rays discovered by Röntgen in
  1895.
•  
• X-rays, What Are They?
• electromagnetic waves of shorter wavelength and
  higher energy than normal light
• But the debates over the nature of the rays
  waves or particles?
• continued until the wave-particle duality was
  generally accepted in the 1920s. Photons can be
  described both as waves and particles.

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X-rays in Use
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902

• "in recognition of the extraordinary service they
  rendered by their researches into the influence
  of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
• Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
• the Netherlands
• Pieter Zeeman
• the Netherlands

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Zeeman effect

• Is the splitting of a spectral line into several
  components in the presence of a static magnetic
  field
• Since the distance between the Zeeman sub-levels
  is proportional to the magnetic field, this
  effect is used by astronomers to measure the
  magnetic field of the Sun and other stars.

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Lorentz transformation

• converts between two different observers'
  measurements of space and time, where one
  observer is in constant motion with respect to
  the other
• Time is different from frame to another
• You cant transfer energy with a v
• greater than c

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903

• "in recognition of the extraordinary services he
  has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous
  radioactivity"
• "in recognition of the extraordinary services
  they have rendered by their joint researches on
  the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor
  Henri Becquerel
• Antoine Henri Becquerel 1/2
• Pierre Curie 1/4
• Marie Curie 1/4
• France

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Radioactive decay

• Radioactive decay is the process in which an
  unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting
  radiation in the form of particles or
  electromagnetic waves

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906

• "in recognition of the great merits of his
  theoretical and experimental investigations on
  the conduction of electricity by gases
• Joseph John Thomson
• United Kingdom

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Work on cathode rays

• In his first experiment, he investigated whether
  or not the negative charge could be separated
  from the cathode rays by means of magnetism
• In his second experiment, he investigated whether
  or not the rays could be deflected by an electric
  field
• In his third experiment, Thomson measured the
  charge-to-mass ratio of the cathode rays by
  measuring how much they were deflected by a
  magnetic field and how much energy they carried
• Application
• Cathode Rays Tube (CRT)

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909

• "in recognition of their contributions to the
  development of wireless telegraphy
• Guglielmo Marconi
• Italy
• Karl Ferdinand Braun
• Germany

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Invention of radio

• Marconi began to conduct experiments, building
  much of his own equipment in the attic of his
  home at the Villa Griffone in Pistachio, Italy.
  His goal was to use radio waves to create a
  practical system of "wireless telegraphy.
• Marconi's system had the following components
• A relatively simple oscillator.
• A wire or capacity area placed at a height above
  the ground
• A coherer receiver
• A telegraph key to operate the transmitter to
  send short and long pulses, corresponding to the
  dots-and-dashes of Morse code
• A telegraph register, activated by the coherer,
  which recorded the transmitted Morse code
  dots-and-dashes onto a roll of paper tape.

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915

• "for their services in the analysis of crystal
  structure by means of X-rays
• Sir William Henry Bragg
• United Kingdom
• William Lawrence Bragg
• United Kingdom

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X-ray crystallography

• Diffraction from a three dimensional periodic
  structure such as atoms in a crystal is called
  Bragg diffraction.

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918

• "in recognition of the services he rendered to
  the advancement of Physics by his discovery of
  energy quanta
• Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
• Germany

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Quantum Mechanics

• The word quantum (Latin, how much) in quantum
  mechanics refers to a discrete unit that quantum
  theory assigns to certain physical quantities,
• such as the energy of an atom at rest .The
  discovery that waves have discrete energy packets
  (called quanta) that behave in a manner similar
  to particles .
• E h v

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921

• "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and
  especially for his discovery of the law of the
  photoelectric effect
• Albert Einstein
• Germany and Switzerland

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Photoelectric effect

• The photoelectric effect is a quantum electronic
  phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from
  matter after the absorption of energy from
  electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays or
  visible light. The emitted electrons can be
  referred to as photoelectrons in this context.
• Study of the photoelectric effect led to
  important steps in understanding the quantum
  nature of light and electrons and influenced the
  formation of the concept of waveparticle
  duality.
• Applications??

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Special theory of relativity

• First postulate
• The laws of physics are the same in all inertial
  frames of reference.
• Second postulate
• The speed of light in a vacuum is a universal
  constant, c, which is independent of the motion
  of the light source. c (299792458 m/s)
• Time dilation (twin paradox)
• Lorentz contraction
• Equivalence of mass and energy, E  mc2

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922

• "for his services in the investigation of the
  structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating
  from them
• Niels Henrik David Bohr
• Denmark

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Bohr model

• In atomic physics, the Bohr model depicts the
  atom as a small, positively charged nucleus
  surrounded by electrons that travel in circular
  orbits around the nucleus similar in structure
  to the solar system, but with electrostatic
  forces providing attraction, rather than gravity.
• The electrons travel in orbits that have discrete
  quantized speeds, and therefore quantized
  energies. That is, not every orbit is possible
  but only certain specific ones, at certain
  specific distances from the nucleus.
• The electrons do not continuously lose energy
• as they travel. They can only gain and lose
• energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to
• another.

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927

• "for his discovery of the effect named after him"
• "for his method of making the paths of
  electrically charged particles visible by
  condensation of vapor
• Arthur Holly Compton
• USA
• Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
• United Kingdom

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Compton scattering

• In physics, Compton scattering or the Compton
  effect is the decrease in energy (increase in
  wavelength) of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, when
  it interacts with matter

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929

• "for his discovery of the wave nature of
  electrons
• Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
• France

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De Broglie hypothesis

• all matter (any object) has a wave-like nature
  (wave-particle duality).
• He suggested that the wave-particle dualism that
  applies to EM radiation also applies to particles
  of matter. He proposed that every kind of
  particle has both wave and particle properties. 
  Hence, electrons can be thought of as either
  particles or waves. 

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932

• "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the
  application of which has, inter alia, led to the
  discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen
• Werner Karl Heisenberg
• Germany

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Uncertainty principle

• which lays it down that the determination of the
  position and momentum of a mobile particle
  necessarily contains errors the product of which
  cannot be less than the quantum constant h and
  that, although these errors are negligible on the
  human scale, they cannot be ignored in studies of
  the atom.

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933

• "for the discovery of new productive forms of
  atomic theory
• Erwin Schrödinger
• Austria
• Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
• United Kingdom

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Atomic theory

• In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a
  theory of the nature of matter, which states that
  matter is composed of discrete units called
  atoms, as opposed to obsolete beliefs that matter
  could be divided into any arbitrarily small
  quantity. Or, in a nutshell, the idea that all
  things are made of atoms.
• The chemists of the era believed the basic units
  of the elements were also the fundamental
  particles of nature and named them atoms (derived
  from the Greek word atomos, meaning
  "indivisible").
• However, around the turn of the 20th century,
  through various experiments with electromagnetism
  and radioactivity, physicists discovered that the
  so-called "indivisible atom" was actually a
  conglomerate of various subatomic particles
  (chiefly, electrons, protons and neutrons) which
  can exist separately from each other.

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Schrödinger equation

• Solutions of the analytical solutions of the
  time-independent Schrödinger equation can be
  obtained for a variety of relatively simple
  conditions.
• These solutions provide insight into the nature
  of quantum phenomena and sometimes provide a
  reasonable approximation of the behavior of more
  complex systems (e.g., in statistical mechanics,
  molecular vibrations are often approximated as
  harmonic oscillators).

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935

• "for the discovery of the neutron
• James Chadwick
• United Kingdom

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956

• "for their researches on semiconductors and their
  discovery of the transistor effect
• William Bradford Shockley
• USA
• John Bardeen
• USA
• Walter Houser Brattain
• USA

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Vacuum Tubes

• The vacuum tube that hundred years ago
• only had a role in scientists' exploration of
• the processes in matter, has, thanks to many
• technical inventions, evolved into an
• apparatus that is found in virtually every
• home and office the television tube and
• the computer screen.

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• First transistor

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Solid-state transistor

• Since then semiconductor devices have evolved
  tremendously. Today transistors are extremely
  small and come packed in millions onto tiny
  Silicon chips called integrated circuits
• This invention is essential for digital
  technologies like computers, mobile phones, CDs,
  mp3s or DVDs. The list could be made almost
  infinite. For instance, without semiconductor
  technology there would be no Internet, so you
  would not be able to read this text.
• Actions of transistor
• Switches
• Amplifiers
• How many transistors on the Pentium 4??

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969

• "for his contributions and discoveries concerning
  the classification of elementary particles and
  their interactions
• Murray Gell-Mann
• USA
• BibAlex

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973

• "for their experimental discoveries regarding
  tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and
  superconductors, respectively"
• "for his theoretical predictions of the
  properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel
  barrier, in particular those phenomena which are
  generally known as the Josephson effects
• Leo Esaki
• Japan BibAlex
• Ivar Giaever
• USA
• Brian David Josephson
• United Kingdom

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985

• "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect
• Klaus von Klitzing
• Federal Republic of Germany
• bibalex

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996

• "for their discovery of superfluidity in
  helium-3.
• David M. Lee
• USA
• Douglas D. Osheroff
• BibAlex
• USA
• Robert C. Richardson
• USA

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999

• "for elucidating the quantum structure of
  electroweak interactions in physics
• Gerardus 't Hooft
• the Netherlands
• bibalex
• Martinus J.G. Veltman
• the Netherlands

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006

• "for their discovery of the blackbody form and
  anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background
  radiation
• John C. Mather
• USA
• George F. Smoot
• USA

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007

• "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance
• Albert Fert
• France
• Peter Grünberg
• Germany

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Hard Disks

• Portable computers, music players, and powerful
  search engines, all require hard disks where
• the information is very densely packed.
  Information on a hard disk is stored in the form
  of
• differently magnetized areas
• A certain direction of magnetization corresponds
  to the binary zero, and another direction
  corresponds to the binary value of one.
• In order to access the information, a read-out
  head scans the hard disk and registers the
  different fields of magnetization.
• When hard disks become smaller, each magnetic
  area must also shrink. This means that the
  magnetic field of each bite becomes weaker and
  harder to read. A more tightly packed hard disk
  thus requires a more sensitive read-out technique
• Recently, the maximum storage capacity of hard
  disks for home use has soared to a terabyte (a
  thousand billion bytes).

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• In a metal conductor, electricity is transported
  in the form of electrons which can move freely
  through the material. The current is conducted
  because of the movement of electrons in a
  specific direction, the straighter the path of
  the electrons, the greater the conductance of the
• material

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• In a magnetic material the scattering of
  electrons is influenced by the direction of
  magnetization.
• The very strong connection between magnetization
  and resistance that one finds in giant
  magnetoresistance arises because of the intrinsic
  rotation of the electron that induces a magnetic
  moment the quantum mechanical property called
  spin which is directed in either one of two
  opposite directions

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• In the following an example of the simplest type
  of system where giant magnetoresistance can arise
  is described It consists of a layer of
  non-magnetic metal sandwiched between two layers
  of a magnetic metal

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References

• http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureat
  es/
• http//en.wikipedia.org