State-of-the-art of design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power - summary of IEA Wind collaboration

1
State-of-the-art of design and operation of power
systems with large amounts of wind power -
summary of IEA Wind collaboration
Hannele Holttinen, Operating Agent, IEA WIND
Task 25
2
IEA WIND Task 25OBJECTIVEto analyse and
further develop the methodology to assess the
impact of wind on power systems

• Started in 2006, duration 3 years. GOALS
• Provide an international forum for exchange of
  knowledge
• State-of-the-art review and analyse the studies
  and results so far
• methodologies and input data, system operation
  practices, planning methodologies and
  modifications that have been necessary with high
  penetration, concepts and technologies enabling
  enhanced penetration
• Formulate guidelines
• recommended methodologies and input data when
  estimating impacts and costs of wind power
  integration
• Quantify the impacts of WP on power systems
• range of impacts/costs rules of thumb
• www.ieawind.org

3
Integration costs

• Costs for power system for accommodating wind
  power
• Not covered by wind power producers (investment
  costs for grid connection, )
• Part of the these costs may be allocated to wind
  power in some power systems (network charges,
  imbalance payments, )
• Should be compared with the benefits of wind
  power
• Information needed for
• Policymakers to ensure that the benefits of
  increasing wind energy will not be offset by
  negative impacts
• System operators, regulators to ensure fair
  treatment of all producers market design and
  rules, tariffs, allocation of costs

4
Wind power in the power system impacts on
reliability and efficiency
Adequacy
Balancing
Grid
5
Recent studies levels of wind power studied
Nordic 69 GW peak load, up to 20 GW wind (29 )
UK 65 GW peak, up to 26 GW wind (40 )
Denmark up to 100 penetration
Ireland 7 GW peak, up to 3.5 GW wind (54)
Germany 78 GW peak, up to 36 GW wind (46 )
Netherlands 16 GW peak, up to 6 GW wind (39 )
Portugal 10-12 GW peak, up to 5 GW wind (50 )
6
Recent studies in USA

• Minnesota 6000 MW of wind in 20 GW peak load
  system (30 )
• New York 3300 MW of wind in 33 GW peak load
  system (10 )
• Colorado 1400 MW in 7 GW peak load system (20 )
• California existing wind power, 4 of peak load

7
Summary grid reinforcements

• UK 50-100 / kW (70-140 /kW) for 26 GW wind
• Netherlands 60-110 /kW for 6 GW offshore wind
• Portugal 53 /kW for 5.1 GW wind
• German dena study100 /kW for 36 GW wind
• Not comparable
• Depends on wind resource location versus load
  centres
• Grid reinforcement costs are not continuous,
  there can be single very high cost reinforcements
  
• The way that grid costs are allocated to wind
  power can differ
• Shallow/deep costs
• Wind farm and power system interface

8
Summary capacity credit

• Even if mainly energy resource, wind has a
  capacity value to power systems. However, at
  larger penetrations the value decreases. Value
  decreases faster for smaller areas.

9
Summary balancing requirements
Germany, Minnesota day-ahead
Four hours ahead
others in-hour

• different time scales for estimating the reserve
  requirement
• different methodology used

10
Summary balancing costs

• Not directly comparable due to different time
  scales allocating investment for new reserve or
  only use of reserves possibilities for power
  exchange to neighbouring countries method for
  calculating costs based on assumptions on thermal
  power

11
Current practise and recommendations for
estimating wind integration costs

• Capture the smoothed out variability of wind
  power production time series for the geographic
  diversity assumed
• Actual data from tens of wind farms and/or met
  towers or synchronized weather simulation
• Wind forecasting best practice for the
  uncertainty of wind power production.
• Examine wind variation in combination with load
  variations and production outages
• Capture system response through operational
  simulations
• Examine actual costs independent of tariff design
  structure

12
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium The All Island Renewable Grid
Study. Mark OMalley, University College Dublin,
IR Assessment of existing constraints and
solutions for high wind penetration in power
systems. Ana Estanqueiro, INETI, Portugal
Integration state-of-the-art in Germany. Cornel
Ensslin, ISET, Germany Operational costs
induced by fluctuating wind power production in
Germany and Scandinavia. Peter Meibom, Risoe
National Laboratory, Denmark 100 wind energy
consequences on market and system - study on a
fictitious Western Danish power system. Antje
Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark Integration
state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart Söder, KTH,
Sweden Imbalance costs of wind power for a
hydro power producer in Finland. H.Holttinen,
VTT, Finland Impact of large scale wind power on
system adequacy. John Olav Tande, SINTEF, Norway
Tradewind - further developing Europe's power
market for large scale integration of wind power.
Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
13
US (1) Comments on Balancing Results

• US studies unit commitment time scale
  (day-ahead) costs included, identified as largest
  cost component
• Most recent Minnesota study (Dec 2006) shows
  reduction in balancing costs compared to 2004
  study, at higher penetration level, due to
• Geographical diversity and control area
  consolidation
• Access to hour-ahead and day-ahead MISO markets
• Adequate transmission capacity

14
US (2) Comments on Capacity Credit Results

• Growing recognition of wind as energy resource
  vs. capacity resource, with some capacity value
  in planning studies
• Both simple and complex methods used to calculate
  ELCC

15
US (3) Wind Plant Integration Cost Summary
Ancillary Services Cost Comparison
16
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium The All Island Renewable Grid
Study. Mark OMalley, University College Dublin,
IR Assessment of existing constraints and
solutions for high wind penetration in power
systems. Ana Estanqueiro, INETI, Portugal
Integration state-of-the-art in Germany. Cornel
Ensslin, ISET, Germany Operational costs
induced by fluctuating wind power production in
Germany and Scandinavia. Peter Meibom, Risoe
National Laboratory, Denmark 100 wind energy
consequences on market and system - study on a
fictitious Western Danish power system. Antje
Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark Integration
state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart Söder, KTH,
Sweden Imbalance costs and regulating power
market impacts of wind power. H.Holttinen, VTT,
Finland Impact of large scale wind power on
system adequacy. John Olav Tande, SINTEF, Norway
Tradewind - further developing Europe's power
market for large scale integration of wind power.
Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
17
EWIS objectives of the study

• To seek proposals for a generic and harmonized
  European wide approach towards wind energy issues
  addressing
• operational/technical aspects including grid
  connection codes,
• market organizational models and procedures
• regulatory/market-related requirements,
• common public interest issues and even some
  political aspects impacting the integration of
  wind energy

European Wind Integration Study of European TSOs
18
EWIS first phase results for risk mitigation

• High wind power production causes regional
  overloading of transmission lines
• After economic dispatch fundamental measures for
  risk mitigation are still necessary
• Higher grid losses and reactive power
• demand in case of high wind power penetration
• Grid related measures
• Corrective switching
• Phase shifters
• Further Grid re-enforcement
• realised by 2008
• Congestion Management
• Reduction of cost effective power plants
• Reduction of the daily auction capacity on
  congested channels
• Security Management (not taken into account by
  2008)
• Reduction of wind power generation due to system
  security reasons

19
EWIS plan for second phase

• Phase II is started in May 2007 (time horizon
  2015 including stability analysis)
• Results available by 2009
• Scenario development and cost analysis based on
  market modelling
• Power system analysis and study of operational
  aspects for risk mitigation solutions

• Study supported by EC
• Involvement of stakeholders via Consultation
  Board
• Information exchange with Tradewind

20
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium The All Island Renewable Grid
Study. Mark OMalley, University College Dublin,
IR Assessment of existing constraints and
solutions for high wind penetration in power
systems. Ana Estanqueiro, INETI, Portugal
Integration state-of-the-art in Germany. Cornel
Ensslin, ISET, Germany Operational costs
induced by fluctuating wind power production in
Germany and Scandinavia. Peter Meibom, Risoe
National Laboratory, Denmark 100 wind energy
consequences on market and system - study on a
fictitious Western Danish power system. Antje
Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark Integration
state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart Söder, KTH,
Sweden Imbalance costs of wind power for a
hydro power producer in Finland. H.Holttinen,
VTT, Finland Impact of large scale wind power on
system adequacy. John Olav Tande, SINTEF, Norway
Tradewind - further developing Europe's power
market for large scale integration of wind power.
Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
21
All Island Renewable Grid Study Work in progress

• Mark OMalley
• Electricity Research Centre
• University College Dublin, Ireland
• http//ee.ucd.ie/erc/
• 8 May 2007

22
Net Benefits
optimal

• Denny, E. and OMalley, M.J. Quantifying the
  Total Net Benefits of Grid Integrated Wind, IEEE
  Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 22, no. 2,
  2007.

23
Previous Studies

• ILEX Energy, UCD, QUB and UMIST, Operating
  reserve requirements as wind power penetration
  increases in the Irish electricity system,
  Sustainable Energy Ireland,2004.
• ESB National Grid (EirGrid), Impact of wind
  power generation in Ireland on the operation of
  conventional plant and the economic
  implications, February, 2004.

24
All Island Renewable Grid Study

• www.actionrenewables.org

25
All-Island RE Grid Study- Overview
WS2A Screening
Emissions savings
WS2B Supply Demand Balance
Portfolio scenarios
Costs
WS 1 Resource
WS3 Network
WS4 Economic
Costs
Geo-spread scenarios
Stakeholder impact
26
WS 2A Optimal renewable penetration
Renewable Penetration
27
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium Transmission investment for wind
generation. Goran Strbac, DGSEE, UK The All
Island Renewable Grid Study. Mark OMalley,
University College Dublin, IR Assessment of
existing constraints and solutions for high wind
penetration in power systems. Ana Estanqueiro,
INETI, Portugal Integration state-of-the-art in
Germany. Cornel Ensslin, ISET, Germany
Operational costs induced by fluctuating wind
power production in Germany and Scandinavia.
Peter Meibom, Risoe National Laboratory, Denmark
100 wind energy consequences on market and
system - study on a fictitious Western Danish
power system. Antje Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark
Integration state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart
Söder, KTH, Sweden Imbalance costs of wind
power for a hydro power producer in Finland.
H.Holttinen, VTT, Finland Impact of large scale
wind power on system adequacy. John Olav Tande,
SINTEF, Norway Tradewind - further developing
Europe's power market for large scale integration
of wind power. Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
28
Assessment of Existing Constraints and
Solutions for High Wind Penetration in Power
System Ana Estanqueiro PT IEA Task 25
Advisory Group A. Estanqueiro (1), J.
Ricardo(4), J. M. Ferreira de Jesus (2), J. Peças
Lopes (3) (1) INETI - Instituto Nacional De
Engenharia, Tecnologia E Inovação, I.P.
MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND INNOVATION (2) IST
Technical University Of Lisbon, (3) INESC-Porto,
Faculdade De Engenharia Da Universidade Do Porto
(4) REN, Rede Eléctrica Nacional S.A.
(Portuguese Transmission System
Operator) Milan, 8th of May, 2007
29
The Existing Network and the National Objectives
PT Goals on Wind Energy Capacity 5100
MW Capacity penetration 33 Energy
penetration 14 to 16

• Existing Studies
• The PT TSO (REN) network planning division and
  UTL/IST initiated a transmission network (PTN)
  development planning study in 01 using
• the sustainable wind resource
• other national RES objectives, e.g. new large
  hydro power stations.
• REN REE are currently doing more studies on
  the Iberian transmission network

Orange lines RES induced
slide 29 of 15
30
Common Technical Constraints

• Limited grid capacity
• as for all other power sources
• High variability of the resource
• as for all non storable renewables
• Non-adaptative/non-flexible power mix
• e.g. reduced primary frequency capability (high
  percentage of nuclear or other base load
  generation)
• Conservative approach to the power systems design
  and operation, e.g
• Non-monitored independent producers
• Lack of distributed load/system management
• Reduced DSG

31
SolutionsInnovative Characteristics of the
Wind Systems and (also) the Power System
planned for Portugal
slide 31 of 15
32
Innovative Characteristics of the Wind Power
Plants

• Innovative Characteristics of the Wind Power
  Plants and Power System Operation in Portugal
• LVRFT - Ride fault through capability
• Additional reactive power control tg fi within
  -0.2, 0.2
• Participation in the primary frequency control
  (95 of Popt)
• Solutions for wind/RES energy storage
  specially in articulation with hydropower
  storage
• Curtailment of wind production when anticipated
  (no-load periods)
• Management of wind parks by clusters (local wind
  power dispatch centers)

A
B
C
slide 32 of 15
33
Innovative Characteristics of the Wind Power
Plants

• RTF capability added reactive (minimum
  requirement in the current 1500 MW call)
• Reactive power contribution
• required
• Ride Through Fault Capability to be

slide 33 of 15
34
Innovative Characteristics of the Power System
Operation
B. New equipments
Phase-shift autotransformer to force wind
power injected in 150 or 220 kV levels (or 60 kV
DN) to flow to 400 kV grid, avoiding new HV
lines.still, and also possible to install FACTS
help to prevent the disconnection of large
amounts of wind power for under voltage
protection relays actuationcontributes to the
damping of the oscillations.
slide 34 of 15
35
Innovative Characteristics of the Power System
Operation
C. New strategies and equipments (next phase)
Installation of Wind Generation Dispatch
Centres, acting asGeneration Aggregation
Agents the forecasted wind power dispatch
centres will enable to monitor and adapt the wind
production injection to the network operating
conditions without compromising security
operational levels.
slide 35 of 15
36
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium Transmission investment for wind
generation. Goran Strbac, DGSEE, UK The All
Island Renewable Grid Study. Mark OMalley,
University College Dublin, IR Assessment of
existing constraints and solutions for high wind
penetration in power systems. Ana Estanqueiro,
INETI, Portugal Integration state-of-the-art in
Germany. Cornel Ensslin, ISET, Germany
Operational costs induced by fluctuating wind
power production in Germany and Scandinavia.
Peter Meibom, Risoe National Laboratory, Denmark
100 wind energy consequences on market and
system - study on a fictitious Western Danish
power system. Antje Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark
Integration state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart
Söder, KTH, Sweden Imbalance costs of wind
power for a hydro power producer in Finland.
H.Holttinen, VTT, Finland Impact of large scale
wind power on system adequacy. John Olav Tande,
SINTEF, Norway Tradewind - further developing
Europe's power market for large scale integration
of wind power. Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
37
Integration State-of-the-Art in Germany Focus
Concepts and Technologies enabling enhanced
Penetration
Cornel Ensslin, ISET Bernhard Ernst, RWE
Transportnetz Strom Lutz Hofmann, E.ON Netz

• Offshore integration
• Intra-day market integration
• National wind balance
• Advanced forecasting
• Next-generation Integration Studies

38
National Balance and Advanced Wind Power
Forecasting

• Advanced wind power forecast for TSO
• Ensemble forecasts
• Uncertainty probability
• Short-term forecasts for intra-day trading

Wind power balance between control zones (15min
interval)
39
(No Transcript)
40
Offshore integration
41
Offshore integration
42
Next-generation Integration Studies

• Focus on Concepts and Technologies enabling
  enhanced Penetration
• IAWT, FGH, ISET 2007 Assessment of optimisation
  potentials for wind power integration into the
  transmission system
• Optimisation of grid operation, e.g. by
  application of dynamic rating
• Accelerated grid extensions
• Enhancement of grid codes for wind farm grid
  connection
• Provision of ancillary services by wind turbines
• Application of generation management to reduce
  reserve and balance demand
• Application of demand-side measures and storage
  technologies.
• Funded by BMU (German Federal Ministry for the
  Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear
  Safety).

dena-grid study II Integration of Renewable
Energies into the German Electricity Supply in
the period 2015-2020 (Start 04/2007)
43
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium Transmission investment for wind
generation. Goran Strbac, DGSEE, UK The All
Island Renewable Grid Study. Mark OMalley,
University College Dublin, IR Assessment of
existing constraints and solutions for high wind
penetration in power systems. Ana Estanqueiro,
INETI, Portugal Integration state-of-the-art in
Germany. Cornel Ensslin, ISET, Germany
Operational costs induced by fluctuating wind
power production in Germany and Scandinavia.
Peter Meibom, Risoe National Laboratory, Denmark
100 wind energy consequences on market and
system - study on a fictitious Western Danish
power system. Antje Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark
Integration state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart
Söder, KTH, Sweden Imbalance costs of wind
power for a hydro power producer in Finland.
H.Holttinen, VTT, Finland Impact of large scale
wind power on system adequacy. John Olav Tande,
SINTEF, Norway Tradewind - further developing
Europe's power market for large scale integration
of wind power. Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
44
Operational costs induced by fluctuating wind
powerproduction in Germany and Scandinavia

• Peter Meibom, Risoe National Laboratory, DTU
• Christoph Weber, University Duisburg-Essen
• Rüdiger Barth Heike Brand, IER, University of
  Stuttgart

45
Greennet results

• Calculation with the Wilmar Planning tool
  (www.wilmar.risoe.dk)
• Why low values for increase in operational
  costs?
• Hydro dominated regions (Norway, Sweden and
  Finland)
• Exchange of secondary reserves between model
  regions allowed

46
Greennet results Increase in system operation
costs
47
Greennet results
Increase in system operation costs per MWh wind
power production for the three wind cases and
divided on countries.
48
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium The All Island Renewable Grid
Study. Mark OMalley, University College Dublin,
IR Assessment of existing constraints and
solutions for high wind penetration in power
systems. Ana Estanqueiro, INETI, Portugal
Integration state-of-the-art in Germany. Cornel
Ensslin, ISET, Germany Operational costs
induced by fluctuating wind power production in
Germany and Scandinavia. Peter Meibom, Risoe
National Laboratory, Denmark 100 wind energy
consequences on market and system - study on a
fictitious Western Danish power system. Antje
Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark Integration
state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart Söder, KTH,
Sweden Imbalance costs of wind power for a
hydro power producer in Finland. H.Holttinen,
VTT, Finland Impact of large scale wind power on
system adequacy. John Olav Tande, SINTEF, Norway
Tradewind - further developing Europe's power
market for large scale integration of wind power.
Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
49
Simulation of Fictitious Western Danish Power
System

• Assumptions
• Isolated Power System
• Production Mix adjusted with
• Same Security of Supply
• Coal Fired Base Load Units (Utilisation gt2000
  h/a)
• Natural Gas Fired Peak Load Units (Utilisation
  lt2000 h/a)
• Forced and Scheduled Outages included
• 5, 30 years annuity0,0651
• CO2 Emission 6.7 / ton

• Not considered
• - ancillary services incl. regulating power
• - transmission capacity
• - network calculations
• - wind power installation cost

50
Residual Markets
TWh/year
30
Production
Sold
Overflow
Demand Side (8 TWh)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Share of Wind Power
51
Costs
Cost / residual production

• spec. fuel consumption 7.7 -gt 8,3 GJ/
  MWh
• CO2 emission 19 Mio t -gt 6 Mio t

52
Lessons learned

• Configuration of power plant park utilization
  times of thermal units change
• Demand for peak load units increases
• The specific costs of the thermal power plants
  increase with increasing share of wind power
• Large wind power penetration leads to additional
  costs of 6-15 /MWh per utilised MWh wind power
  depending on the value of overflow gt challenge
  for design of new products e.g.
• New demand types are needed to utilise the power
  overflow (e.g. heat pumps, electric boilers in
  district heating systems etc..)

53
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium The All Island Renewable Grid
Study. Mark OMalley, University College Dublin,
IR Assessment of existing constraints and
solutions for high wind penetration in power
systems. Ana Estanqueiro, INETI, Portugal
Integration state-of-the-art in Germany. Cornel
Ensslin, ISET, Germany Operational costs
induced by fluctuating wind power production in
Germany and Scandinavia. Peter Meibom, Risoe
National Laboratory, Denmark 100 wind energy
consequences on market and system - study on a
fictitious Western Danish power system. Antje
Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark Integration
state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart Söder, KTH,
Sweden Imbalance costs of wind power for a
hydro power producer in Finland. H.Holttinen,
VTT, Finland Impact of large scale wind power on
system adequacy. John Olav Tande, SINTEF, Norway
Tradewind - further developing Europe's power
market for large scale integration of wind power.
Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
54
Results from Sweden - 1

• Publication of the PhD thesis Wind power
  integration in power systems with transmission
  bottlenecks by Julija Matevosyan.
• Shows benefits of coordinated operation of wind
  power and hydro power in areas with limited
  export capabilities
• Develops methods for optimal bidding of wind
  power to power exchanges.

55
Results from Sweden - 2

• New investigation started in Sweden One aim is
  to
• Evaluate whether the current rules for renewable
  energy creates obstacles for a large scale
  expansion of renewable energy. If it is found
  that changes are required, then the investigation
  should propose such changes.
• The report will be finished on Dec 31, 2007.
• Within the study an international comparison will
  be made (how did they succeed to extend wind
  power in Germany and Spain etc)

56
Results from Sweden - 3

• Grid tariffs is found to be important
• Some grids have tariffs on producers, some on
  consumers, some on both.
• The needed tariff level depends on the economic
  value of the grid Some companies uses value
  replacement cost, while others uses value
  original investment cost. The first method ? 3
  times higher value ? 3 times higher tariffs.

57
Results from Sweden - 4

• The electricity market is international so
  harmonized grid tariffs are important.
• Wind power is often connected to regional and
  local grids, so harmonized tariffs on different
  voltage levels is also important.
• Now in Sweden Different tariff structures ?
  Tariff lines where it is profitable to erect a
  line just to reach a low-tariff part of the grid.
• In Germany grid tariff0 for wind power. In
  Sweden it can be 0.8 Eurocent/kWh.
• The aim of the investigation is to analyze these
  problems.

58
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium The All Island Renewable Grid
Study. Mark OMalley, University College Dublin,
IR Assessment of existing constraints and
solutions for high wind penetration in power
systems. Ana Estanqueiro, INETI, Portugal
Integration state-of-the-art in Germany. Cornel
Ensslin, ISET, Germany Operational costs
induced by fluctuating wind power production in
Germany and Scandinavia. Peter Meibom, Risoe
National Laboratory, Denmark 100 wind energy
consequences on market and system - study on a
fictitious Western Danish power system. Antje
Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark Integration
state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart Söder, KTH,
Sweden Imbalance costs of wind power for a
hydro power producer in Finland. H.Holttinen,
VTT, Finland Impact of large scale wind power on
system adequacy. John Olav Tande, SINTEF, Norway
Tradewind - further developing Europe's power
market for large scale integration of wind power.
Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
59
Costs for increased reserve requirements in
Nordic countries Holttinen Phd 2004
VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF
FINLAND

• 2-3 /MWh for Finland, 1-2 /MWh for Nordic
• Lower costs than UK, US, due to hourly
  variability impacts only
• assumption forecast errors dealt with updated
  forecasts
• Most of the cost comes from assuming new
  investments allocated to wind power increased
  use of reserves less than third of costs
• Comparing Finland Nordic shows the benefit of
  larger control areas, like Nordic system operated
  today

60
Balancing costs for wind power in Finland, data
year 2004
VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF
FINLAND

• Imbalance costs from day-ahead forecasting 0.62
  /MWh
• 12 wind farms distributed along the West coast of
  Finland, forecast error 31 of energy to
  balance settlement
• Low balancing costs large coordinated balancing
  market in Nordic power system - and low
  penetration wind, no effect on prices

61
Options for reducing balancing costs from
day-ahead forecast errors. Case Finland, year 2004
VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF
FINLAND

• Elbas intra-day market to correct forecast errors
  3 h before delivery
• Reduces costs only if trading close to spot
  market prices
• Aggregating wind and 4000 MW load imbalances
• Reduces costs by 37- 74 for 400 MW wind
• Internal balancing with 400 MW hydro
• Reduces costs by 23-63 for 400 MW wind
• Market value of the balancing 1.31 /MWh

62
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium The All Island Renewable Grid
Study. Mark OMalley, University College Dublin,
IR Assessment of existing constraints and
solutions for high wind penetration in power
systems. Ana Estanqueiro, INETI, Portugal
Integration state-of-the-art in Germany. Cornel
Ensslin, ISET, Germany Operational costs
induced by fluctuating wind power production in
Germany and Scandinavia. Peter Meibom, Risoe
National Laboratory, Denmark 100 wind energy
consequences on market and system - study on a
fictitious Western Danish power system. Antje
Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark Integration
state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart Söder, KTH,
Sweden Imbalance costs of wind power for a
hydro power producer in Finland. H.Holttinen,
VTT, Finland Impact of large scale wind power on
system adequacy. John Olav Tande, SINTEF, Norway
Tradewind - further developing Europe's power
market for large scale integration of wind power.
Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
63
Impact of large scale wind power on system
adequacyJohn.O.Tande_at_sintef.no, SINTEF Energy
Research, NorwayIntroduction

• The impact of wind power on system adequacy is
  studied.
• The impact is assessed using data from a real
  life regional power system with a need for new
  generation to meet future demand increase.
• System adequacy is addressed considering the
  systems LOLP, i.e. the probability of the system
  not being able to supply the peak load.
• The capacity value of wind (or any other
  generation) is determined from the LOLP
  calculations as the load carrying capacity.

SINTEF Energy Research
64
Case study system
Total import capacity 14 TWh / 1600 MW (4x400
MW)
13 TWh hydro / 2250 MW (6x375 MW)
0,18 TWh wind / 62 MW (3 wind farms)
18 TWh annual load / 3180 MW max load Increasing
to 21 TWh / 3780 MW

• Options
• A 3 TWh wind / 1000 MW (3 wind farms)
• B 3 TWh gas / 375 MW
• C 3 TWh wind 3 TWh gas

SINTEF Energy Research
65
Case study max load and generating capacity
SINTEF Energy Research
66
Loss of load probability
Without new generation in case A, B and C the
LOLP26
Wind capacity value
SINTEF Energy Research
67
Conclusion

• The impact of wind power on system adequacy has
  been studied for a real life regional hydro-based
  power system.
• Adding wind or gas generation contribute equally
  to the energy balance, both on a weekly and
  annual basis.
• Both wind and gas improves the power balance.
• The capacity value of gas is found to be about 95
  of rated, and the capacity value of wind about
  30 at low wind energy penetration and about 14
  at 15 penetration.
• The smoothing effect due to geographical
  distribution of wind power has a significant
  impact on the wind capacity value at high
  penetration.
• Adding storage to wind is a promising technology
  for future high wind penetration systems
  enhancing wind controllability and value.

SINTEF Energy Research
68
Best practices in grid integration of variable
wind power case studies from recent U.S.
analyses and mitigation measures. J. Charles
Smith, UWIG, US European Wind Integration Study
EWIS for a successful integration of wind power
into European electricity grids. Wilhelm Winter,
EWIS, Belgium Transmission investment for wind
generation. Goran Strbac, DGSEE, UK The All
Island Renewable Grid Study. Mark OMalley,
University College Dublin, IR Assessment of
existing constraints and solutions for high wind
penetration in power systems. Ana Estanqueiro,
INETI, Portugal Integration state-of-the-art in
Germany. Cornel Ensslin, ISET, Germany
Operational costs induced by fluctuating wind
power production in Germany and Scandinavia.
Peter Meibom, Risoe National Laboratory, Denmark
100 wind energy consequences on market and
system - study on a fictitious Western Danish
power system. Antje Orths, Energinet.Dk, Denmark
Integration state-of-the-art in Sweden. Lennart
Söder, KTH, Sweden Imbalance costs of wind
power for a hydro power producer in Finland.
H.Holttinen, VTT, Finland Impact of large scale
wind power on system adequacy. John Olav Tande,
SINTEF, Norway Tradewind - further developing
Europe's power market for large scale integration
of wind power. Frans Van Hulle, EWEA, Belgium
69
TradeWind further developing Europes power
market for large scale integration of wind power

• WHAT?
• EU wind industry initiative coordinated by EWEA
• 2 years study started November 2006, sponsored by
  IEEA
• High penetration (23), large scale integration
  300 GW
• EU-27 wide UCTE Nordel GB Ireland
• Long-term vision spanning 2006-2030

• OBJECTIVE
• Focus on how to facilitate wind power integration
  by studying
• Improved cross border exchange (lines /
  allocation methods)
• Improved market mechanisms (rules and
  organisation)

70
TradeWind further developing Europes power
market for large scale integration of wind power

• DONE SO FAR
• EU wide dispersed WP capacity installed up to
  2030 and regionally aggregated wind power
  production time series
• EU wide survey and analysis of power market
  mechanisms and how wind power is integrated in
  market
• Put models in place to simulate effect of wind on
  continental power flows and effects of market
  rules

• TARGET and LINKAGE
• TEN-E, market parties (regulators, producers,
  TSOs, power traders), EU and national
  governments (e.g. TEN-E)
• Intention of co-operation and exchange with EWIS
  study

Further info poster session and www.trade-wind.eu
71
Country Participating institution
1 Denmark Risø National Laboratories (Peter Meibom) TSO Energinet.dk (Antje Orths)
EWEA European Wind Energy Association (Frans van Hulle)
3 Finland VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (OA)
4 Germany ISET (Cornel Ensslin), TSOs E.ON (Lutz Hofmann) and RWE (Bernhard Ernst)
5 Ireland Research organisation to be confirmed TSO Eirgrid (Paul Smith)
6 Norway SINTEF (John Olav Tande), Statkraft (Espen Hagstrøm)
7 Netherlands we_at_sea, ECN (Jan Pierik)
Portugal INETI (Ana Estanquiero), UTL-IST (Rui Castro), TSO REN (João Ricardo), INESC-Porto (J. Pecas Lopes)
9 Spain University of Castilla La Mancha (Emilio Gomez)
10 Sweden KTH (Lennart Söder)
UK DGSEE Centre for Distrib. Gener. Sustainable Electrical Energy (Goran Strbac)
12 USA NREL (Brian Parsons), UWIG (Charles Smith)

• IEA WIND Task 25 Design and operation of power
  systems with large amounts of wind power
• started in 2006
• duration 3 years
• www.ieawind.org