JPN494: Japanese Language and Linguistics JPN543: Advanced Japanese Language and Linguistics

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JPN494 Japanese Language and LinguisticsJPN543
Advanced Japanese Language and Linguistics

• Phonology Phonetics (1)

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Phonology Phonetics

• Phonology and Phonetics Studies of Linguistic
  Sounds (vowels, consonants, intonations, )
• Whats the difference?

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Phonetics

• Phonetics is a study of linguistic sounds from
  the acoustic/articulatory perspectives.
• Sounds as physical/physiological phenomena ?
  phones
• NOTE Only certain aspects of acoustic/articulator
  y properties of sounds are described. Some
  phonetic descriptions are more fine-grained
  than others.

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Phonology

• Phonology is a study of linguistic sounds from
  the functional perspective.
• Sounds as building units of meaningful
  linguistic expressions ? phonemes
• Phoneme the smallest contrastive unit in the
  sound system of a language.

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Notational Convention

• phonetic description (e.g. sp?n)
• phonological (phonemic) description // (e.g.
  /sp?n/)
• p, t, in the context of Japanese phonetics
  and p, t, in the context of English
  phonetics are distinct (although they represent
  similar sounds).
• Similarly for /p/, /t/, in Japanese phonology
  and /p/, /t/, in English phonology.
• IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) yet
  another system of phonetic description. It is
  language-neutral.

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Phonetics vs. Phonology

• pin ph?n, spin sp?n, pop ph?p
• ph vs. p different or same?
• They are different from the phonetic perspective,
  but the same from the phonological perspective.
• ph and p are allophones of the same phoneme,
  /p/ (in English).

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Complementary distribution

• Complementary distribution allophones
  (conditional allophones) do not occur in the same
  phonological environment
• OK pin ph?n, spin sp?n
• ?? pin p?n, spin sph?n
• Pairs of expressions that have different meanings
  and that differ in only one sound (phone) are
  called minimal pairs they can be used to show
  that two phones are not allophones of the same
  phoneme.
• light right
• hit heat

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Free variations (free allophones)

• The consonant in ????? can be realized either
  as (by different speakers or by the same
  speaker)
• ? (flap)
• l (approximant)
• r (trill) (rare)
• ???, ?i?go li?go ri?go
• ?, l, and r are free variations of phoneme
  /r/ in Japanese.
• Some scholars use the term free allophones.

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• Two phones can be identified as allophones of the
  same phoneme only if
• Either they do not occur in the same environment
  (complementary distribution) or their opposition
  do not contribute to difference in meaning (no
  minimal pair like ?a? la?) AND
• There is good phonetic reason to group them
  together (phonetic similarity)

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• Allophones in one language are not necessarily so
  in another language
• p and ph are considered the same in
  English (phonologically)
• But they are not in some other languages
• ? pi rain vs. ? phi blood (Korean)

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• Conversely
• p and b are considered different in English
• But they are not in some other languages
• ??? pibimbap (Korean)

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Ariticulatory Phonetics

• Vocal Organs

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• ? (??), ? (????)
• ? (?), ?? (???), ??? (??????), ??? (??????), ???
  (??????)
• ?? (????), ?? (????), ?? (????), ??? (??????)
• ?? (????), ???? (?????????),???? (???????), ????
  (?????????)

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Two major types of sounds

• Consonants speech-sounds produced when the
  speaker either stops or severely constricts the
  airflow in vocal tract.
• Vowels speech-sounds produced with a relatively
  open vocal tract, which functions as a resonating
  chamber.

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Consonants in English and Japanese

• Place(s) of Articulation
• lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum
  (soft palate),
• Manner of Articulation
• stops (plosives), fricatives, affricates,
  approximants,
• Voicing (Phonation)
• voiced vs. voiceless

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Stops (Oral Stops) in English

• (complete closure of the articulators involved so
  that the air stream cannot escape through the
  mouth.)
• bilabial p (voiceless), b (voiced)
• cap cæp, cab cæb
• alveolar t (voiceless), d (voiced)
• feet fit, feed fid
• velar k (voiceless), g (voiced)
• sack sæk, sag sæg

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Stops (Oral Stops) in English

• ph, th, kh in syllable-initial position
• pin phin vs. spin spin, hip h?p

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Stops (Oral Stops) in Japanese

• bilabial p (voiceless), b (voiced)
• ??, ? (??)
• alveolar t (voiceless), d (voiced)
• ? (??), ??
• velar k (voiceless), g (voiced)
• ? (??), ??
• (?? (???? ?) indicates voiced)

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Stops (Oral Stops) in Japanese

• No or less aspiration (in syllable- or
  word-initial position)
• ?? pan, ? te, ? ki
• Japanese alveolar stops (t, d) the front
  part of the tongue blade contacts the alveolar
  ridge
• English alveolar stops (t, d) the tongue tip
  contacts the alveolar ridge

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Nasals (Nasal Stops) in English

• bilabial m
• map, Kim
• alveolar n
• nap, kin
• velar ? (does not occur in syllable-initial
  position)
• king
• (nasals are generally voiced)

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Nasals (Nasal Stops) in Japanese

• bilabial m
• ? (???) ?? (????)
• alveolar n
• ? (??) ?? (???)
• velar ?
• (f) ?? (???)
• uvular ?
• (f) ? (??)

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• In word-middle position, g alternates with ?
  (in some dialects)
• ?? (???) kagak? ka?ak?
• ?? gas? (NOT ?as?)

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Fricatives in English

• (Close approximation of two articulators so that
  the air stream is partially obstructed and
  turbulent airflow is produced.)
• labio-dental f (voiceless), v (voiced)
• fan, van
• dental (interdental) ð (voiceless), ?
  (voiced)
• thigh, thy
• alveolar s (voiceless), z (voiced)
• sue, zoo
• alveo-palatal ? (voiceless), ? (voiced)
• shoe, leisure
• glottal h (voiceless)
• hit
• (n.b. ? š, ? ž)

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Fricatives in Japanese

• bilabial ? (voiceless)
• ?? (???)
• alveolar s (voiceless), z (voiced)
• ?? (???), ?? (???)
• alveo-palatal ? (voiceless)
• ? (??)
• palatal ç (voiceless)
• ? (??)
• glottal h (voiceless)
• ? (??)
• (voiced alveo-palatal fricative (?) only in
  rapid speech)

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• ?????? sa ?i s? se so
• ????? ha çi ?? he ho
• ???????? ?a ?i ?e ?o
• ????, ???, ????, ????

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Affricates in English

• (a stop immediately followed by a fricative.)
• alveo-palatal ? (voiceless), ? (voiced)
• church, judge
• (n.b. ? c, ? j)

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Affricates in Japanese

• alveolar ? (voiceless), ? (voiced)
• ? (??) , ?? (???)
• alveo-palatal ? (voiceless), ? (voiced)
• ?? (???), ?? (???)
• (n.b. ? ts, ? ds, ? c, ? j)

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• ??????
• za ?a
• ?i ( ?i in rapid speech)
• z? ??
• ze ?e
• zo ?o
• ? (rather than z) tends to occur in
  word-initial position
• cf. cars c??z vs. cards c??dz

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• ?????? ta ?i ?? te to
• (?? ?a)
• ?????
• ?(?)(?)?? da (?i/?i) (??/z?) de do

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Approximants in English

• (A gesture in which one articulator is close to
  another, but without the vocal tract being
  narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent
  airstream is produced.)
• alveolar (central) ?
• right
• alveolar lateral l
• light
• labio-velar (central) w
• well
• palatal (central) j
• yell
• (n.b. j y, ? r (in Tsujimuras book))

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• ?, l, etc. are called liquids.
• w, j, etc. are called glides or
  semi-vowels (because their qualities are
  similar to those of vowels).

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Approximants in Japanese

• alveolar lateral l
• ???
• velar w
• ?? (???)
• palatal j
• ?? (???)
• Japanese w accompanies no or less lip-rounding
  (than English w)

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Flaps, trills (in English and Japanese)

• The tongue-tip hits the alveolar ridge
  once/repeatedly.
• alveolar flap ?
• alveolar trill r (rare)
• ??? ?i?go li?go ri?go
• alveolar flap in English
• better b???, rider ?a???

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Palatalized consonants in Japanese

• kj, gj, nj (?), mj, rj (palatal or
  alveo-palatal consonants ?, ?, ?, ç)
• ? (???), ? (???), ?? (???)
• ? (???), ?? (?????), ?? (?????)
• ?? (?????), ?? (??????), ? (???)
• ?????, ??????, ?? (????)
• ?? (????), ? (???), ?? (????)
• ? (??), ?? (????), ???, ?? (????)
• ?? (???), ?? (?????), ???, ?? (?????)
• ???, ? (???), ??????, ?? (????)
• ? (???), ?? (????), ?? (????)
• j is a diacritic indicating palatalization (the
  phenomenon whereby the tongue body approaches the
  hard palate).
• ? is a palatal nasal sound.