Earth In The Beginning

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Earth In The Beginning

• Earth formed 4.6 billions of years ago.
• It was a fiery ball of molten rock
• Climate was hot there was not any water
• Early earth was lifeless

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History of Life on Earth

• Series of chemical events that produced the first
  living cell.
• Life first appeared 3.5 billion years ago.

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Origin of Life

• Unicellular (one celled) Prokaryotes (cells
  without a nucleus) were the first form of life to
  dominate earth
• Bacteria
• More complex multi-cellular (many celled)
  eukaryotic ( cells with nucleus and organelles)
  organisms evolved from bacteria
• 1.5 billion years ago

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Clues in the Rocks

• Evidence of early life have been in the discovery
  of fossils
• Clues about how life evolved

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The Geologic Time Scale

• Shows the major geological and biological events
  in Earths history.
• Divided into four major eras.
• Cenozoic Era
• Mesozoic Era
• Paleozoic Era
• Precambrian Era

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The Cambrian Era"The Age of Trilobites"

• Life exploded during this era.
• Most organisms that exist today originated in
  this era.
• Fish and invertebrates appeared n (organisms
  with shells)
• There was no life on land

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Paleozoic

• Life evolves on land
• First land plants appear.
• Amphibians are the dominant animal during this
  time.

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Mesozoic EraThe Age of the Dinosaurs

• Dinosaurs appear during this era.
• Birds and mammals appear but arent prominent.

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Cenozoic Era

• Started 65 million years ago, continues to
  present.
• Mammals become the dominant life form on land.
• Humans appeared during this era

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Cenozoic Life
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Mass Extinction

• Death of all members of many different species
  that is caused by a major ecological disaster.
• Dinosaurs mass extinction
• Caused by a large meteorite crashing to earth
• Changed the climate, block the sun and caused the
  temperature to be very cold

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Learning Experience

• The time is sixty-five million years ago. A huge
  meteorite has hit the Earth. Imagine that you are
  a dinosaur and you notice things seem different!
  Write a story from the point of view of your
  dinosaur. How do you feel? How is your
  environment changing?
• Make an illustration to accompany your story.
• MC- 4 paragraphs
• JR-3-4 paragraphs
• LC-2-3 paragraphs

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Learning ExperienceLife as a Fossil

• MC /JR/LC-Imagine yourself as an ancient organism
  that has ended up in the fossil record.
• Draw a picture of yourself as a fossil (you
  decide what your fossil would look like) and
  provide the following information who were you
  (type of animal-create a new animal) what was
  your world like what era did you live in (use
  textbook) how did you live how did you die who
  discovered you and what was your name.
• This should be written in 2-3 paragraph (no
  color)
• Drawing (use at least three colors)

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Theory of Evolution

• EvolutionProcess by which living things change
  over time ( millions of years and not in one
  lifetime).
• New species develop from older species as a
  result of gradual change

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Theory of Evolution (Accelerated)

• Four major points
• 1.Variation(differences) exists within the genes
  of every population or species
• That is why we all look so different
• 2. Some species are better suited to survive
  (result of variation) and have more offspring
• 3. Favorable traits spread (thick fur, long
  beaks)
• 4. Species evolved from extinct organisms
• Simply Put CHANGE OVER TIME

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Species

• A group of organisms look alike and can reproduce
  among themselves.

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Scientist-Theory of Evolution

• Charles Darwin- scientist that suggested a theory
  of evolution that is accepted by most scientist
  today.
• The Origin of Species (Title of Book)
• Main Idea Species Changed over time by natural
  selection

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Lamarcks Theory

• 1st scientist to develop a theory of evolution
• Proposed that traits were acquired (obtained) in
  a lifetime through use and disuse.
• Example Giraffes have long necks because they
  had to be able to reach the food in the trees.
• Why is this theory false?
• We can not obtain the traits that we need. Traits
  are inherited from parents and evolution does not
  take place in a lifetime.

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Adaptation

• Trait (s) that helps an organism to survive in
  its environment
• Increases chances of survival

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Example of Adaptation

• Camouflage-Organisms ability to hide itself from
  predator and prey by blending in with its
  environment.

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Examples of Adaptations

• Every animal has certain features that help it
  "fit in" with its surroundings.
• Animals who can't adapt die! (Dinosaurs)
• Being able to move very quickly
• Having strong claws
• Having sharp teeth
• Having long, curved beaks
• Having keen eyesight
• Having the ability to trap prey

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Learning Experience

• Design a magazine cover with a title related to
  evolution and natural selection.
• 1. Give your magazine a title
• 2. Decorate your magazine with pictures related
  to evolution.
• 3.Come up with four titles of items that will be
  found in your magazine that is related to
  evolution.

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Natural Selection

• Survival of offspring that have favorable traits.
• It is the force that drives evolution (like fuel
  in a car)
• Evolution would not take place without the
  mechanisms of natural selection.

What is the favorable trait in this picture?
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Natural Selection

• Five main elements
• 1. Variation (differences in traits among
  individuals of species) Ex. Different wing color,
  hair color, height, speed and strength.

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Natural Selection

• 2. Struggle for Existence
• Offspring compete (try to get) for things that
  they need in order to survive.
• Food and shelter
• Some will survive and some will die.

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Natural Selection

• 3. Overproduction
• Species produce more offspring that can survive
  because many will not survive.

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Natural Selection

• 4. Survival of the Fittest
• Some Variations make organisms better suited for
  an environment. (Cold environment fur)
• These organisms are more likely to survive and
  reproduce.

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Natural Selection

• 5. Evolution of New Species
• Favorable Traits are passed onto their offspring.
  
• Unfavorable traits disappear which can lead to
  the appearance of a new species.

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Natural Selection

• SIMPLY PUT Survival of the fittest (best suited
  to the environment)

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Natural Selection Output

• Divide your paper into five.
• Draw a picture for each of the main elements of
  natural selection.
• Answer Question Why is natural selection
  important?

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Evidence of Evolution

• Fossil Record provides evidence of changes that
  have taken place throughout Earths history.
• Clues that support the theory of evolution

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Evidence of Evolution

• Fossil are the remains or traces of ancient
  life can be mineralized bones, teeth, shells,
  wood, or actual unaltered material from an
  organism.
• Provide evidence of how a species has changed
  over time.
• Ex. Horse

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Evidence of Evolution

• Homologous Structures structures that are
  similar in structure but not function.
• Provide clues that organisms evolved from the
  same ancestor.

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Evidence of Evolution

• Vestigial Structures body structures that seem
  to have no function.
• At one time did have function but has diminished
  (become less) over time due to evolution.
• Ex. Wisdom Teeth

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Evidence of Evolution

• DNA Evidence DNA (the genetic map of an
  individual) provides evidence of common ancestry.
• Dog and bears are closely related because they
  have very similar DNA

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Evidence of Evolution

• Simply Put The evidence of evolution provides
  proof that evolution actually takes place.

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Evidence of Evolution

• 1. Write a two paragraphs letter to student who
  is absent explaining the notes. This should be in
  your own words.
• Include a drawing that will help to further
  explain what we talked about in class today.

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Classification

• Grouping things according to similarities, or how
  they are alike.

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Taxonomy

• Science of naming and classifying organisms.
• Classification is a way of organizing information
  about different kinds of living things.
• Makes it easier for scientist to identify newly
  discovered organisms.

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Classification of Living Things

• Classified based on shared Characteristics
• Appearance (how they look)
• Structure (how they obtain energy or type of
  cells)

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Early Classification Systems

• Carolus Linnaeus developed a new way to classify
  organisms.
• Classified according to their physical
  characteristics.
• Father of Taxonomy

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Classification Levels

• Seven major classification levels
• Number of different kinds of organisms decrease
  as you move from the kingdom level to each of the
  next smaller levels.
• From Largest to Smallest
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and
  Species

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Comparing the Levels

• Kingdom-largest classification group
• Organisms have similar cell structure and
  functions.
• Example Animalia (multicellular (many celled)
  and get energy from food.
• Species-smallest classification group
• Organisms have similar characteristics and can
  reproduce
• Ex. Dogs

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Comparing the Levels

• Genus-made up of two or more species that are
  very much alike.
• Ex. Dogs and Wolves

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Naming Organisms

• Written in Latin (universal language)
• Gives Scientist a common way of communicating
• Scientific Name
• Genus Species
• First letter of Genus is capitalized and first
  letter of species is lower case
• Ex. Homo sapiens
• Two different organisms can not have the same
  scientific name
• Organisms can have the same Genus name but will
  always have a different species name
• Ex. Red Oak Quercus rubra
• Willow Oak Quercus phellos

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Classification

• Simply Put Classification helps scientist to
  bring order to the living world.

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Left Side Out Put Assignment

• Create a new organisms using the instruction on
  the paper.
• A. Come up with three-five general characteristic
  of your new animal.
• B. Draw your new organisms in its habitat
• C. Write a poem about your new organisms.
• Explain why it is necessary to classify things?

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Six Kingdoms of Life

• The grouping of organisms into kingdoms is based
  on 3 factors
• Cell Type
• Cell Number
• Feeding Type

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Cell Type

• The presence or absence of cellular structures
  such as the nucleus, mitochondria or a cell wall
• Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

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Prokaryotes

• DO NOT HAVE
• a membrane bound nucleus (control center of the
  cell)
• Any membrane bound organelles(small structures
  that do a specific job.

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Eukaryotes

• DO HAVE
• Separate membrane bound nucleus
• Other organelles

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Cell Number

• Whether the organism exist as single cells or as
  many cells.
• Unicellular single celled organisms (Bacteria)
• Multicellular-many celled organism (Tiger)

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Feeding Type

• How the organisms gets their food.
• Autotroph(producer)
• Makes its own food
• Heterotroph(consumer)
• Must eat other organisms to survive

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6 Kingdoms

• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
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Kingdom Cell Type Cell Feeding Type Cell Wall
Archaebacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Autotroph Yes
Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Both Yes
Protista Eukaryote Most Unicellular Both Yes and No
Fungi Eukaryote Both Heterotroph Yes
Plantae Eukaryote Multicellular Autotroph Yes
Animalia Eukaryote Multicelluar Heterotroph No
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Archaebacteria

• Ancient Bacteria
• Live in very harsh environment (extremophiles)

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Eubacteria

• Live in more neutral conditions

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Protist

• Odds and Ends Kingdom (organisms that do not fit
  into the other five kingdoms)
• Some are beneficial
• Some can cause diseases
• Ex. Paramecium

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Fungi

• Includes some of the most important organisms
• Nature Recyclers-recycle dead and organic
  material and return nutrients back to the
  environment.
• Example Mushroom

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Plantae

• Cells contain (chloroplast organelle that is
  responsible for trapping energy from sun and
  converting into to food for the plants)
• Provide food for humans and other animals
• Source of medicine, dyes, cloth, paper and many
  products

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Animal

• Organisms are capable of movement
• Divided into two major groups
• Invertebrates animals with a hard outside
  covering known as exoskeleton
• Vertebrates organisms with a hard internal
  skeleton made of bone

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Cells

• Structural functional units of life
• Like building blocks
• Unicellular (single celled)-bacteria
• Multicellular (many cells)-Humans

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What instrument allowed scientist to view cells?

• Microscope
• large image of a small object
• 2 Types of microscope
• Light
• Electron
• Instructions

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Cell Theory

• 1.All organisms are composed of one or more cells
• 2. All cells come from preexisting cells with
  cells passing copies of their genetic material on
  to their daughter cells (offspring).
• 3. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  organization of all living organisms.

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Two types of Cells

• Prokaryotic (singletons)
• Lack organelles, nucleus
• Have cell wall, DNA, plasma membrane,
  ribosome's, and cytoplasm
• Eukaryotic (multi-cellular organisms)
• Have organelles and nucleus
• 2 groups Plant and Animal

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Learning Experience

• P. 6L-21L draw a picture for each of the cell
  theories that describes the major concepts.
• You should have a total of four pictures (number
  pictures with the number of the cell theory
• Please do not write the theories on this page.
• Remember assignment are done using color

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General Learning Experience

• 23L-Venn Diagram Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

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Organelles and their Function

• Organelles work together like a team
• little organs- each performing a vital function

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Organelles and their Function

• Cell membrane-cells defining boundary
• Double layer of lipids (fats) and hydrophilic
  (water loving) molecules
• Fluid like bubbles
• Controls what moves into and out of the cell
  (semi-permeable)
• Helps to maintain a stable internal environment
  inside of the cell (homeostasis)

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Organelles and Their Function

• Cell Wall
• Protects cell against injury and invasion of
  harmful material
• Rigid (hard)
• Only found in Plant cells

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Organelles and Their Function

• Cytoplasm-salty gelatin like substance that holds
  the organelles in place

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Organelles and Their Function

• Cytoskeleton-organize and maintain cells shape
• Anchors organelles in place

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Organelles and Their Function

• Nucleus (control center)
• Houses DNA (hereditary information)
• Surrounded by nuclear membrane (envelope)-protects
  DNA
• Site of DNA replication (making more DNA) and RNA
  synthesis (making more protein)

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Organelles and Their Function

• Nuclear envelope
• Separate the nucleus from outside environment
• Controls what moves in and out of the nucleus

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Organelles and Their Function

• Lysosome
• contain digestive enzyme
• Digest (breakdown) waste and food within cell
• Recycle old and worn out cell parts
• Only found in Animal cells

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Organelles and Their Function

• Golgi Complex
• Packaging plant of proteins that are assembled in
  the ER.

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Organelles and Their Function

• Mitochondria
• Contain their own DNA
• Energy production

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Organelles and Their Function

• Endoplasmic Reticulum-transport system of the
  cell( like the UPS)
• Two types smooth and rough
• Rough ER
• Ribosomes on surface
• Site of protein synthesis
• Smooth ER
• Lacks ribosomes

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Organelles and Their Function

• Vacuole
• Store food, water and waste
• Only found in Plant cells

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Organelles and Their Function

• Chloroplast
• Contain light sensitive pigments (chlorophyll)
• Site of photosynthesis (process of making food)
• Found in Plant cells

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Organelles and Their Function

• Centriole
• Participate in cell division
• Found in Animal cells

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Organelles and Their Function

• Ribosomes
• Factory that builds proteins

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How are animal cells and plants cells different?
Similar?

• How are plant cells different from animal cells?
• Plant cells cell wall, chloroplast, and vacuole
• Animal cell lysosome and centriole
• Similar nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome's, golgi
  complex, rough and smooth ER, cytoplasm, plasma
  membrane

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Learning Experience

• Interview with an Organelle
• 1.      Create a full-page (8 ½ X 11) written
  article with drawing) about life in the day of
  the organelle. ( 2 paragraphs)
• 2.      Article must include
•         Community role (function or job of
  organelle)
•         Job (processes carried out in the cell)
•         Describe the neighborhood found in (type
  of cell and how it interacts with other cell
  organelles)
•         Direct quotes from organelle

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Learning Experience

• --Advertise a cell part. Imagine that you are
  trying to sell your organelle to the plant or
  animal cell.
• A. pick an organelle (nucleus, cell membrane,
  cell wall, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex,
  and chloroplast)
• Come up with a Catchy Phrase (Remember you are
  trying to get the plant or animal cell to
  purchase your cell part)
• Describe your function
• How much you will cost
• Draw a creative picture of yourself that reflects
  the personality of the organelle

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Example

• Chloroplast
• What type of cell?
• Catchy Phrase

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What are the different processes of prokaryotes
and eukaryotes?

• All cells have
• Cell membrane that regulate the chaos outside of
  the cell
• Regulate the flow of what goes in and out of the
  cell
• Reproduce
• Require a constant supply of energy
• Composed of the same BASIC CHEMICALS
  carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, minerals,
  fats and vitamins.

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Viruses-Characteristics of Life

• 7 characteristics of life
• 1. Composed of Cells
• Must exhibit all 7 in order to be considered to
  be living.

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7 Characteristics of Life

• 2. Different levels of organization(tissues,
  organs, organ system)

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7 Characteristics Of Life

• 3. Use Energy

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7 Characteristics Of Life

• 4. Respond to their environment

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7 Characteristics Of Life

• 5. Growth

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7 Characteristics Of Life

• 6. Reproduce

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7 Characteristics Of Life

• 7. Adapt to their environment

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Viruses

• Virus
• Are not living things
• Do exhibit all properties of life
• Do not reproduce outside of the host cell
• They are not cells
• Do not adapt nor do they use energy
• Cause diseases
• Major impact on the living world

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Shape

• Shape is determined by its parts
• Capsid-protein coat that contains either RNA or
  DNA
• Envelope-surrounds the capsid
• Helps the virus enter cells

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Viruses

• Cause many diseases
• Ex. Chicken pox, Mumps, Cold, Hepatitis A and B
• Emerging viruses-viruses that evolved
  geographically in isolated areas and are
  pathogenic to humans
• Ex. Hantavirus

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Chicken pox
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Influenza
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Influenza
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Rubella
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Mumps
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Smallpox
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Hepatitis A and B
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Polio
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Rabies
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Biosphere

• The biosphere is the part of the Earth, including
  air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which
  life occurs
• Living world
• extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere
  where birds and insects can be found.
• It also reaches to the bottom of the ocean.

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Ecosystem

• Consist of all plants, animals and microorganisms
  (biotic factors) in an area functioning together
  with all the non-living physical (abiotic)
  factors of the environment.
• Includes the following
• Community small area within the ecosystem where
  certain types of plants and animals live.
  (neighborhood)
• Population individual species in a community (
  people, plant, animals in your neighborhood)
• Species group of similar organisms that can
  breed with one another to produce fertile
  offspring (ex. Cats or dogs)

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Forest Community
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Deer Population