Destruction of the Twin Towers

1
Destructionof the Twin Towers

2
The Event
3
The Event
AA-11 UA175 Flight Paths
Alleged flight paths (lost to radar for part of
trip)
4
The Event
5
The Event
AA-11 Impact on WTC-1
One landing gear
6
The Event
7
The Event
UA-175 Impact on WTC-2
Landing gear, engine, fuselage section
8
The Stage
9
World Trade Center
The Buildings Layout
Building 7
N
North Tower
South Tower
10
World Trade Center
The Buildings Heights
N

• 110 stories

47 stories
11
WTC 1-2 Construction
Columns

• 47 central core columns, 244 perimeter columns

12
WTC 1-2 Construction
in Progress

• Basement, first 10 floors of WTC1

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WTC 1-2 Construction
47 Central Core Columns

• 14x36 near bottom, various smaller forms near
  top

14
WTC 1-2 Construction
244 Perimeter Columns
Truss mounting points
Diagonal- brace mounting points

• 3-column-3-floor assemblies alternating across 3
  floors, connected by welded/bolted spandrel plates

15
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Perimeter cross-link strength
Acting like a Roman arch over the hole
16
WTC 1-2 Construction
Floor Support Trusses
17
WTC 1-2 Construction
Floor Support Trusses

• Perimeter column

loops stick up into grooves on metal deck, act as
shear studs
Core column
Main trusses these were double
18
WTC 1-2 Construction
Floor Support Trusses
Transverse truss at right angles to main trusses
19
WTC 1-2 Construction
Hat Truss
Floors 106-110 Helps spread stress forces within
core and between core and perimeter, and supports
communications tower on top
20
The Reports
21
The Reports

• FEMA -- 2002
• 9/11 Commission -- 2004
• NIST National Institute of Science and
  Technology -- 2005

22
FEMA Investigation/Report

• Carried out by volunteers from the American
  Society of Civil Engineers
• Bush administration agency (Katrina)
• Headed by man who headed Okla.City bombing study
• No authority to impound pieces of steel before
  they were recycled
• No subpoena powers -- couldnt get blueprints
• The official investigation blessed by FEMA ...
  is a half-baked farce that may already have been
  commandeered by political forces whose primary
  interests, to put it mildly, lie far afield of
  full disclosure -- Fire Engineering Magazine
• Basic theory Impact and fire caused a pancake
  collapse
• Reportcomment http//911research.wtc7.net/wtc/of
  ficial/fema.html

23
FEMA Investigation/Report

• Conclusion Pancaking

(PBS)
24
9/11 Commission Report

• Chairmen "fullest possible account of the events
  surrounding 9/11.
• Provided intensely detailed description of
  situation in buildings and actions of emergency
  personnel
• Mentioned that the buildings collapsed (period)

25
NIST Report
26
Problems with NIST Report

• Institutional -- NIST was politicized
• Coverage -- Only covered what they claim happened
  up until the beginning of collapse virtually
  no analysis of what inevitably then happened --
  wasnt part of their assignment
• Evidence -- Used questionable computer model,
  used little (and ignored) real evidence
• Reality -- the collapse displayed too many
  features inconsistent with a gravity-driven
  model.

27
NIST ProblemsInstitutional
NIST had become fully hijacked from the
scientific into the political realm...scientists
lost scientific independence and became little
more than hired guns....By 2001, everyone in
NIST leadership had been trained to pay close
heed to political pressures... Everything that
came from the hired guns was by then routinely
filtered through the front office and assessed
for political implications before being
released, and was also scrutinized by the NSA,
OMB, and the Commerce Department headquarters.
-- whistleblower (former NIST
employee)
28
So, what did NIST say?
29
NISTs approach

• A Computer Model
• (ignored much physical evidence)

30
NIST Computer model approach

• Set up three scenarios with assumptions
  representing different degrees of damage
• See which one creates collapse
• If none do, tweak the worst one further and
  divorce it further from empirical evidence by
  denigrating that evidence.
• Example South damage range was 3-10 damaged
  columns, only using 10 did job

31
NIST Computer model approach

• "Upon a preliminary examination of the middle
  case, it became clear that the towers would
  likely remain standing...so the most severe
  case ... was used for the global analysis of each
  tower. --
  NIST Final Report
• "To the extent the severe-case simulations
  deviated from the photographic evidence or
  eyewitness reports, the investigators adjusted
  the input.
  -- NIST

32
NIST Computer model approach

• "A fundamental problem with using computer
  simulation is the overwhelming temptation to
  manipulate the input data until one achieves the
  desired results. Thus what appears to be a
  conclusion is actually a premise... NIST tweaked
  the input and the buildings feel down
  -- architect Eric Douglas

33
NISTs sequence

• Plane impact
• Severed some core columns
• Removed fireproofing from most core columns and
  much of floor-supporting trusses
• Fires created tremendous heat
• weakened core columns
• Caused floor trusses to weaken and sag, pulling
  in the perimeter columns, reducing peripheral
  support
• Global collapse commenced
• Top of tower above damage acted as pile driver
• Floors below couldnt resist
• Out of thousands of pages, they only devoted a
  paragraph to this, with no indication of analysis
  of the process

34
NIST Severed Core Columns

• North 6 severed, South 10 -- but
• North hit higher, where columns weaker
• Only engines capable of such damage, but North
  hit head on, South off to side, so should have
  been other way around
• There is no actual visual record
• All NIST has is a computer model
• Only 256 pieces of steel out of thousands saved

35
NIST About that steel...

• NIST, 2003 "adequate for purposes of the
  Investigation. Regions of impact and fire damage
  were emphasized in the selection of steel for the
  Investigation.andsteel analysis
  "includes...estimating the maximum temperature
  reached by available steel."BUT
• NIST, 2005 Steel is merely sufficient for
  determining quality and mechanical properties

36
NIST Fire weakens steel
Fire Retardant

• Fire retardant coating good for 2 hours
• So have to assume massive dislodging of fire
  retardant by impact.
• NIST of 47 core columns, FR dislodged on 43 in
  North, 39 in South. How know?
• No evidence, just 15 shotgun blasts at flat
  plates (not beams) in a plywood box.

37
NIST Fire weakens steel
Temperature Behavior

• Building is an interconnected grid of thousands
  of tons of steel
• Steel conducts heat (though not ideal)
• Therefore, building sucks heat away from any
  place that has heat locally applied to it
• Therefore, it takes a LONG time before steel
  temperature reaches local air temperature.
• But jet fuel was consumed within 15 minutes, and
  office fires tend to burn out in any one area
  after about 20 minutes.

38
NIST Fire weakens steel
Temperature claims

• Model 1000C only 15-20 mins in any one place,
  otherwise 500C
• NIST physical evidence indicates max temp of any
  steel (not necessarily columns) was 600C
• NIST examination of perimeter steel indicated
  max was 250C
• Core had less oxygen than perimeter, so likely
  not as hot, and no evidence that it actually did
  get that hot
• Structural steel begins to soften at 425C
• Kinda problematic for a claim of weakened columns

39
NIST Fire weakens steel
Floor trusses sag

• Basic idea (Ive seen two quoted)
• Sagging pulls in the perimeter columns
• Sagging doesnt pull in the perimeter columns,
  but when they cool and contract, that happens
• Were they trusses or girders?

http//911review.org/Wget/www.nerdcities.com/guard
ian/wtc/they-lied-about-trusses.htm
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NIST Fire weakens steel
Floor trusses sag
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NIST Fire weakens steel
Floor trusses sag

• (Creep note happens at 30 of melting point, in
  this case 920C, so shouldnt have happened)
• Sag per model w/creep 44, w/out creep 24
• Problem NIST paid UL 250K to test truss
  behavior, max deflection was 4
• NIST UL tests werent representative, all had
  fireproofing
• Actually, all had LESS fireproofing than build
  specs
• This is a complex issue, and Ive seen a lot of
  different takes on it.

42
NIST Fire weakens steel
Sagging trusses pull wall inward
43
NIST Fire weakens steel
Sagging trusses pull wall inward
44
Non-NIST Observation
Sagging floors?
Trouble is, the floors at the perimeter walls
could not have sagged if the trusses were able to
pull in the walls.
45
Lets get technical !
Was there ENOUGH ENERGY available from a
GRAVITY DRIVEN collapse

1. for NISTs pile driver to cause collapse?
2. to expand the large, fast dust clouds?
3. to throw heavy beams fast and far?

46
Lets get technical !

• Mind-numbing analytical details and calculations
  moved to the end of the presentation, where they
  may never be seen again . . .

47
So we got technical !
And guess what? There was not ENOUGH ENERGY
available for any of these theories or
observations

1. NISTs pile driver theory of collapse
2. expansion of the large, fast dust clouds
3. Heavy columns thrown far and fast

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If gravity didnt have what it takes,What did?
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TheAlternativeTheory
50
The Alternative TheoryDefinition
Controlled Demolition the
bringing down of a building by the use of
explosives/incendiaries to simultaneously remove
critical supporting structure
51
The Alternative TheoryImmediate Objections

• How on earth could they have moved enough
  explosives into those towers without being
  detected
• Too many people -- someone would have told
• The government might do some bad things, but it
  would never commit that heinous a crime

52
The Alternative TheoryPrimary Response

• A demonstrated fact should not be ignored or
  denied simply because there is no immediate
  explanation of its history (e.g., Jupiters moon
  Titan has methane in its atmosphere we can
  demonstrate this, though we have no idea how it
  got there)

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The Alternative TheoryCalling a Spade a Spade
(WTC7)
Danny Jowenko, a Danish demolition expert not
dependent on U.S. reputation and government
contracts
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(No Transcript)
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The Alternative TheoryFeatures Consistent with
Explosives, Inconsistent with Fire

• Fall
• Rapid onset of destruction at jet impact point
• Straight-down symmetrical collapse
• Near-freefall acceleration through path of
  greatest resistance
• Large proportion of debris outside footprint
• Explosives/incendiaries
• Dismemberment of steel framework
• Lateral ejection of steel members up to 600
• Pyroclastic (suspension) clouds of pulverized
  concrete
• Evidence of high temperatures (molten metal, iron
  microspheres
• Chemical evidence of thermitic material

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
57
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Sudden onset of destruction at point of impact
WTC 1
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Sudden onset of destruction at point of impact
WTC 2
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Straight-down Symmetrical Collapse
WTC 1
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Straight-down (almost) Symmetrical Collapse
WTC 2 (slow)
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Time of Descent

• Many different versions
• some (even 9/11 Commission) claiming 10 secs
• Jim Hoffmans video timeline indicates 15
  secshttp//911research.wtc7.net/wtc/evidence/time
  line/videos.html
• Even 15 too fast for overcoming obstacles at each
  story
• destruction of the structural integrity
• pulverization of the concrete in the floor slabs,
  and other non-metallic objects
• acceleration of the remains outward or downward.

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Near-Freefall Acceleration
WTC 1
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The Alternative Theory
Debris Outside Footprint
Heavy debris,perimeter columns
Lighter debris
X
Perimeter columns outside debris radius
FEMA report WTC1-2 Debris
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Dismemberment Debris Pile
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Dismemberment Debris Pile
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Debris

• Bone Fragments
• 2006 750 found on roof of Deutsche Bank (250
  from WTC 12), each less than 1/2 long
• 2010 72 found in 2 dump trucks of debris being
  sifted by forensics experts
• 2012 reports of some still being found
• Victims (as of May 2002)
• 2823 victims
• 289 whole bodies recovered as of May 2002
• 1053 individuals identified

67
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Dismemberment Core Obliteration

• Massive 1000 structure of cross-braced thick
  steel columns were dismembered (North tower
  section survived only temporarily)

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Dismemberment Core Obliteration
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Lateral Ejection

• Large pieces of the structures thrown
  horizontally long distances at high velocities
  (40-60 mph)

perimeter column sticking out of the corner of
WTC 3
70
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Pyroclastic Dust Clouds

• Pyroclastic is used to describe volcanic dust
  clouds
• Fine particles (solids suspended in air)
• Hot inside
• Heat drives rapid expansion
• Little mixing with ambient air

71
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Pyroclastic Dust Clouds

• Concrete was pulverized before it hit the ground,
  as destruction progressed.

Note also the dusts explosive mushrooming upward
and outward (many times the size of the tower)
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Pyroclastic Dust Clouds

• Fine dust suspended Rapid expansion Little
  mixing with air

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Pyroclastic Dust Clouds

• Dust reached ground 10 seconds after start
• Core spire still standing here, fell at 29
  seconds
• Cloud has reached out 700
• Speed 700/19 37 feet/sec 25 mph

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Expanding Dust Clouds

• Dust reached ground 10 seconds after start
• Core spire still standing here, fell at 29
  seconds
• Cloud has reached out 700
• Speed 700/19 37 feet/sec 25 mph

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Destruction Above Impact Zone WTC1

• Damage line remains in place for a while while
  roof-top starts to descend, appears to
  disintegrate before the collapse begins.

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Destruction Above Impact Zone WTC2

• Equal-time frames, angle changes from 1 to 2, not
  from 2 to 3, cessation of rotation violates
  conservation of angular momentum, unless mass is
  being destroyed

77
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Early ejections

• Dust and debris are ejected before fall -- South
  tower top is only tipping

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Squibs

• Ejections of dust far below destruction --
  pressure might be distributed that far down due
  to pile-driver compression, but where does the
  dust come from, and why only in specific places?

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Explosions Witness Reports
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features

• In NYFD oral histories, hidden by NYFD until NY
  Times forced release in 2005, about 120 out of
  500 reported explosions

80
Explosions Witness Reports
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Firemen and WTC1-2 explosions
81
Explosions Witness Reports
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Firemen hearing it post-WTC1-2 explosions
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High Temperatures
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features

• Remember
• Office fires Usually max 1100F
• Iron/steel melt at about 2800F
• Metallic microspheres
• Metal sprayed into air so surface tension can
  pull into near-spherical shapes
• Iron (2800F), lead (3180F),molybdenum (4500F)
• Vaporized steel

83
High Temperatures
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
NASA heat image from several weeks after 9/11 --
temperatures in excess of 1000F on the surface
84
Iron-rich Microspheres
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
85
Iron-rich Microspheres
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features

• RJ Lee (2003, 2004)
• Studied Deutsche Bank dust contamination
• Iron particles 6 of WTC dust (gtgt .04)
• Lead oxide coated -gt vaporization (3180F)
• US Geological Survey (2005)
• WTC Particle Atlas
• Iron-rich spherules
• NIST mentions neither

86
Vaporization of Steel
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Vaporization of
Steel

• FEMA Report, Appendix C (WTC7) authors
• 1 column -gt 1/2, razor sharp, gaping holes like
  swiss cheese
• partly evaporated at extremely high temps
• Thinning due to high temp (1800F) corrosion
• Eutectic mixture w/sulfur (lowers melting point)
  accelerates intergranular melting
• NIST ignored this
• In QA, claimed sulfur came from wallboard
• Never experimented, doesnt happen

87
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Vaporization of
Steel
From FEMA Report, Appendix C (WTC7)
88
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues

• QuestionWhat could generate sufficient heat to
  melt steel?
• Answer
• Thermite -- an incendiary mixture of iron oxide
  (rust) and aluminum OR
• Thermate -- the above combined with sulfur
  (lowers the melting point of iron/steel and would
  help explain the FEMA reports sulfidation
• BUT . . .

89
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues

• Objection
• Many Thermite cant cut through beams
• NIST Thermite can cut through a beam, but takes
  a while, so it isnt fast enough to explain the
  rapid collapses.
• Answer
• In fact, existing patented technology addressed
  this and other NIST objections, OR
• Nanothermite -- thermite composed of particles on
  a nanometer (4 ten-millionths of an inch) scale.
• BUT . . .

90
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues

• ObjectionForget about nanothermite. All the
  devices for directing the thermite blast would be
  found in the wreckage
• Answer
• Nothing was found in the wreckage of that sort --
  no desks, cabinets, furniture -- just concrete
  powder and structural steel
• But in any case, self-destructing devices DO
  exist...

91
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues
92
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues

• ObjectionWell, there'd at least be miles of
  wiring tangled up in the debris.
• AnswerActually, wireless detonators were even
  available that can be connected to a programmed
  set of detonation instructions -- leaving open
  the possibility of an instantly reprogrammable
  set of instructions to match any given situation,
  such as where a plane hits. . .

93
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues
94
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues

• ObjectionI still don't believe thermite is fast
  enough, and even if it were, you'd need TONS of
  it.
• AnswerThat's why I suggested nanothermite.

95
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues

• Objection Theres no such thing (in many
  forms!)
• AnswerAt Livermore Laboratory, sol-gel
  chemistry hydrocarbon matrix ... has been the
  key to creating energetic materials with
  improved, exceptional, or entirely new properties
  ... These new materials have structures that can
  be controlled on the nanometer (billionth-of-a-met
  er) scale ... In general, the smaller the size of
  the materials being combined, the better the
  properties of energetic materials. Since these
  nanostructures are formed with particles on the
  nanometer scale, the performance can be improved
  over materials with particles the size of grains
  of sand or of powdered sugar. In addition, these
  nanocomposite materials can be easier and much
  safer to make than those made with traditional
  methods.-- Nanoscale chemistry yields better
  explosives, in Science and Technology Review,
  October, 2000, published by Lawrence Livermore Lab

96
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues
from Lawrence Livermore Lab Nanoscale chemistry
yields better explosives
97
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues

• ObjectionWhat does that article have to do with
  WTC?
• Answer
• Physicist Steven Jones found metallic chips in
  the WTC dust red on one side, gray on the other
• Their amount was not insignificant
• The red side consisted of nano-scale particles
  and flat platelets, and contains, among other
  things, aluminum, iron, and oxygen, in a
  carbon-containing matrix
• When heated to 420C, there was a sudden release
  of heat and production of iron-rich microspheres
• The analysis team pubished a paper on this in
  2009
• BUT . . .

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues
Red-gray (nanothermite?) chips
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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues
Nanothermite particles?
100
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features Residues

• Objection
• The red layer was obviously protective paint
  coating (there are persuasive chemical analysis
  arguments to this effect)
• They should have heated it in the absence of air
  -- thermite has its own oxygen and paint doesnt
• Answer
• Paint doesnt have nano-scale particles
• Paint does not burn hot enough to create
  iron-rich spheres
• Nils Harritt stated on the record that they
  obtained samples of WTC protective paint and the
  chemical signature was not the same.

101
Conclusion

• We know the official story is not true(this is
  only the tip of the iceberg)
• We can surmise, but dont know, what happened
• The 9/11 Commission was compromised
• Wrong goal how did the attacks succeed
• Staff head Philip Zelikow NOT independent
• We need a new, truly independent investigation
  with subpoena power
• NYCCAN attempting to get a NYC investigations

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(No Transcript)
103
Appendix 1WTC Steel Removal
104
WTC7 Steel

• Only one piece examined by FEMA (App C)
• liquid iron/oxygen/sulfur eutectic moved along
  intergranular boundaries, weakening the beam
• eutectic mixture evidenced only 1000C, much lower
  than expected for melting steel
• Possibilities raised by FEMA
• long-term heating in the ground
• pre-collapse, accelerated steel weakening
• FEMA calls for further investigation, NIST
  doesnt do it
• Raises the larger question of WTC steel removal

105
Removal of WTC SteelNot all bite-sized pieces

• Indicates not total dismemberment, but confuses
  issue of what melted prior to collapse

106
Removal of WTC SteelWhy is it an important issue?

• Largest crime in U.S. history
• Law requires preservation of evidence
• 350,000 tons removed (acc. to FEMA)
• Bloomberg looking at steel doesnt tell
  anything, need computer models
• Yet said to be highly sensitive

107
Removal of WTC SteelReasons given

• WTC1-2 Needed to find survivors
• WTC7
• Needed to find survivors (but evacuated)
• Putting pressure on Verizon building (but could
  have just moved that part)
• In any case, could have labeled, docu-mented
  location, and saved elsewhere

108
Removal of WTC SteelWhat happened to it?

• Thousands of pieces trucked to 4 landfills
• Immediate result
• Most sent to Asia
• Some used to build warship U.S.S. New York
• 150 pieces saved (in off-limits hangar at JFK)
• Only parts from underground and lobby area
• Who decided?
• Later (January 2007) found more
• 2 columns, 3 connected perimeter columns(under
  road excavated for human remains)
• 1 burned column at edge of site (city was cut
  off)

109
Removal of WTC SteelWhat did FEMA look for?

• Exterior column trees interior core columns
  from 1 2 above the impact zone or exposed to
  fire and/or aircraft-impacted
• Badly burnt pieces from WTC 7.
• Connections from WTC 1, 2, and 7, such as seat
  connections, single shear plates, and column
  splices.
• Bolts from WTC 1, 2, and 7 that were exposed to
  fire, fractured, and/or that appeared undamaged.
• Floor trusses, including stiffeners, seats, other
  components.
• Any piece that, in the engineer's professional
  opinion, might be useful for evaluation. When
  there was any doubt about a particular piece, the
  piece was kept while more information was
  gathered. A conservative approach was taken to
  avoid having important pieces processed in
  salvage yard operations.

110
Removal of WTC SteelWhat about FEMA?

• 62 trips to landfills Oct-Feb
• No access to Ground Zero
• No permission to collect or store steel
• No subpoena power to obtain building plans (to
  make intelligent choices)
• Their observation of anomalies dropped

111
Removal of WTC SteelHighly sensitive

• Nov 26 Trucks monitored by GPShttp//securitysol
  utions.com/ar/security_gps_job_massive/
• Sept alleged criminal scheme to divert steel
• Oct found 250 tons of scrap in LI and NJ
• Geofenced zones, geofenced corridors
• Improved efficiency and gridlock
• Driver behavior monitored, checked, analyzed
  (1.5hr lunch -gt firing)
• Loads consisted of highly sensitive material

112
Appendix 2EnergyA Technical Discussion
113
Lets get technical !
Was there ENOUGH ENERGY available

1. for NISTs pile driver to cause collapse?
2. to expand the large, fast dust clouds?
3. to throw heavy beams fast and far?

114
Forces and Momentum

• Momentum Transfer Analysis of the Collapse of the
  Upper Storeys of WTC 1
• Dr. Gordon Ross, June 2006
• http//www.journalof911studies.com/articles/Journa
  l_5_PTransferRoss.pdf

115
Forces and Momentum
Basic idea

• Previous momentum analyses treated floors as
  individual items hanging in space, instead of
  being interconnected, with forces moving and
  distributing through the structure below.

116
Forces and Momentum
What you need to know about . . .
Compression of Steel Columns

1. Elastic phase -- load increases to failure load,
   at which point column is shortened 0.2 of its
   length can recover (bounce)
2. Shortening phase -- failure load then shortens
   column, up to 3 of its length
3. Buckling phase -- buckling points appear, much
   less force needed to continue
4. Pressure wave -- moves at 4500 m/sec

117
Forces and Momentum
What happens 1

• Top 16 stories of North Tower (as a chunk)
  free-falls through a disappeared story
• Hits at 8.5 m/sec
• At that speed, it takes .013 sec to shorten next
  story by 3 (to commence buckling)
• .013 sec is time for force to propagate 60m, or
  16 stories down, so all these are moving and
  thus have momentum

118
Forces and (conserved) Momentum
What happens 2

• Now 161 stories falling, cuts speed from 8.5 to
  8 m/sec . . . BUT
• The 16 stories below are also moving slightly,
  and their combined momentum slows the top chunk
  to about 5 m/sec
• This gives additional time for the propagation
  wave to involve additional floors

119
Forces and Momentum

• ... and after many detailed calculations of
  kinetic and potential energy, elastic and plastic
  strain energy, and concrete pulverization
  energy...

120
Forces and Momentum
Energy Summary
121
Forces and Momentum
But thats an underestimate

• Initial drop -- Assumption of unimpeded drop is
  unrealistically favorable to continued collapse
• Elastic springback -- robs some kinetic energy
• Ejections -- mass is lost by material thrown
  outside the tower perimeter, and energy required
  to move that mass outward
• The chunk -- energy also absorbed by damage
  sustained by lighter columns in chunk
• Other damage -- energy needed to sever
  floor/column connections and destroy other
  structural elements and floor contents

122
Forces and Momentum
Conclusion

• The energy balance of the collapse moves into
  deficit during the plastic shortening phase of
  the first impacted columns showing that there
  would be insufficient energy available from the
  released potential energy of the upper section to
  satisfy all of the energy demands of the
  collision. The analysis shows that despite the
  assumptions made in favor of collapse
  continuation, vertical movement of the falling
  section would be arrested prior to completion of
  the 3 shortening phase of the impacted columns,
  and within 0.02 seconds after impact.

i.e., Collapse stops after 1 floor drop
123
2. Dust Cloud Expansion

• The North Tower's Dust Cloud
• Analysis of Energy Requirements for the Expansion
  of the Dust Cloud Following the Collapse of 1
  World Trade Center
• Jim Hoffman, January 2004 (v. 3.1)
• http//911research.wtc7.net/papers/dustvolume/volu
  mev3_1.html

124
Dust Cloud Expansion

• But before we get into the expansion of the dust
  cloud, what about all that dust?

125
Dust Cloud Expansion
Pulverization Energy

• Concrete in tower 90,000 tons
• Pulverize concrete to 2mm size
  1.5KWh/tonhttp//www.b-i-m.de/public/ibac/mueller
  .htm
• Energy to pulverize to 2mm 135,000 KWh
• But energy to pulverize inversely proportional to
  sqrt of particle diameter, dust 0.06 mm (or
  less)http//www.911-strike.com/powder.htm
• Sqrt 2 1.4, sqrt .06 .24 --- factor of 6
• So dust creation requires 6x135,000800,000 Kwh

126
Dust Cloud Expansion
Pulverization Energy

• Somewhere between 135,000 and 800,000 KWh needed
• FEMAs report Tower 1 construction stored more
  than 111,000 KWh potential energy
• So not enough energy to pulverize concrete not as
  fine as observed, much less distribute it in
  fast-moving large clouds
• But forget that. Theres more ....

127
Dust Cloud Expansion
Basic idea

• The amount of thermal energy needed to expand the
  North Tower dust cloud as observed 30 seconds
  after collapse is far greater than the
  gravitational potential energy available from the
  height and mass of the tower. How?

128
Dust Cloud Expansion
What can produce expansion?

1. expansion of gases due to heat
2. vaporization of liquids and solids
3. chemical reactions resulting in a net increase in
   the number of gaseous phase molecules(since this
   last can only be due to explosives, well ignore
   it)

129
Dust Cloud Expansion
Analysis steps

1. Estimate cloud volume at given specific time
   before diffusion occurs
2. Factor out mixed-in air to get volume of
   particles of the contents originally in tower
3. Establish ratio of this to the original volume --
   i.e., the volume of the tower?
4. How much energy is needed to generate that ratio
   of expansion for different levels of
   gas-expansion and liquid/solid vaporization?

130
Dust Cloud Expansion
The picture (30 seconds later)
The ref points
The cylinder Height 200 Radius 800
131
Dust Cloud Expansion
Parameters at 30 sec

• Cylinder volume 402 million ft3
• 1/4 is buildings, so dust 300 million ft3
• assume 1/3 is mixed-in air (unlikely -- see next
  slide) so conservative estimate ofCloud Volume
  200 million ft3
• Speed of advance observed 25 mph

132
Dust Cloud Expansion
Due to mixing/diffusion?

• 25 mph is too fast for advance to be diffusion
• Outside features of cloud were relatively stable,
  not diffused by m/d
• Sinking sections replaced by clear air
• Reports of people being picked up and carried by
  solid wall of hot dust

133
Dust Cloud Expansion
Expansion in 30 sec

• Tower volume1368 x 207 x 207 58.6 million
  ft3
• Cloud volume 200 million ft3
• Expansion ratio 3.41 (conservative)

134
Dust Cloud Expansion
1. Gas expansion by heat 1

• If pressure and amount (mass) stay the same,
  volume is proportional to absolute temperature
  (PV nRT)
• If start temp was room temp (300oK), 3.4 x that
  is 1020oK, an increase of 680o.
• Raising air that far requires 499,500 KWh
  (remember available energy 111,000)
• But it gets worse . . .

135
Dust Cloud Expansion
1. Gas expansion by heat 2

• Such tiny dust particles (10-60 microns) will
  reach temp equilibrium with surrounding air very
  fast
• So you have to raise them 680o too
• The 90,000 tons of concrete dust would require gt
  11 million KWh
• And if theres water, it gets worse, but well
  skip that and treat water separately

136
Dust Cloud Expansion
2. Vaporization of water

• 3.4 expansion means 2.4 x tower volume would be
  created steam 2.4 x 58 million ft3 141 million
  ft3 4 billion liters
• Volume at 100oC steam 1680 x water
• So 2.4 million liters of water needed to produce
  the entire cloud volume of steam
• Conversion would require gt 1.5 million KWh
• Plumbing concrete people not enough

137
Dust Cloud Expansion
How much of which?

• Heating of gases would require 780oC
• Ground level not that hot
• High heat apparent higher in cloud (next slide)
• Water-to-steam requires too much water, needs
  additional heat to get to 100oC first
• If combined steam conversion would add to the
  energy requirement of gas heating, additional
  head needed for concrete dust
• Reduction? Early dust settling would reduce
  needed heat, but cloud behavior contradicts that

138
Dust Cloud Expansion
High Temperatures

• Digital photographs and videos show a bright
  afterglow with a locus near the center of the
  cloud, commencing around 17 seconds after the
  onset of the North Tower's collapse.
• Once the afterglow started, the cloud developed
  large upwelling columns towering to over 600
  feet, and the previously gray cloud appeared to
  glow with a reddish hue.

139
Dust Cloud Expansion
Summary Energy Sources and Requirements
Conservative figures
140
Dust Cloud Expansion
Why conservative?

• They are based on an estimate of dust cloud
  volume at a time long before the cloud stopped
  growing.
• They use a liberal estimate of the contribution
  of mixing to the volume (1/3).
• They ignore thermal losses due to radiation.
• They ignore the resistance to expansion due to
  the inertia of the suspended materials, and
  energy requirements to overcome it.

141
Dust Cloud Expansion
Conclusion
The massive discrepancy between the gravitational
energy available and the heat energy needed to
drive the expansion of the dust cloud render the
gravity explanation for the collapse of the North
Tower (and similarly, the South Tower) untenable.
142
3. Beam Ejection
143
Beam Ejection
Photograph by Michael Rieger taken on 09/18/2001
in New York

• http//www.photolibrary.fema.gov/photodata/origina
  l/3942.jpg

144
Beam Ejection
Structure of Perimeter Columns
(FEMA)
145
Beam EjectionWell, maybe not 600,000 lbs...
MIN near top
NIST, via Gregory H. Urich B.S. Elect/Computer
Engineering
MAX near bottom
AVG scaled
http//www.journalof911studies.com/volume/200703
/GUrich/MassAndPeWtc.pdf
146
Beam Ejection
World Financial Center 3
147
Beam Ejection
Distance from North Tower to World Financial
Center 3
about 480 feet (NASA photo scale from FEMA
report)
148
Beam Ejection
Parameters

• Building WFC3 American Expresshttp//911research
  .wtc7.net/mirrors/guardian2/wtc/WTC_ch7.htm
• Horizontal distance 480 ft / 160 m
• Column weight 3.5K / 12K / 23K lbs
• Vertical distance (conservative) 325 m
• North Tower -- use top 400 m
• WFC3 24th floor 75 m
• Air resistance negligible (heavy, spearlike)

149
Beam Ejection
Calculation

• fall time sqrt (vert-distance / 1/2 gravity)
  sqrt ( 325 m / 4.8 m/sec2 )
  8.14 sec
• horizontal speed horiz-distance / time
  160 m / 8.14 sec
  71.1 m/sec 44.2 mph
• Force to accelerate 4 - 11 tons to 44 mph ??

150
So we got technical !
And guess what? There was not ENOUGH ENERGY
available for any of these theories or
observations

1. NISTs pile driver theory of collapse
2. expansion of the large, fast dust clouds
3. Heavy columns thrown far and fast

151
WTC 1-2 Destruction Features
Concrete Pulverization

• Pyroclastic is used to describe volcanic dust
  clouds
• Fine particles (solids suspended in air)
• Hot inside
• Heat drives rapid expansion
• Little mixing with ambient air

152
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153
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154
Appendix 1WTC Steel Removal
155
WTC7 Steel

• Only one piece examined by FEMA (App C)
• liquid iron/oxygen/sulfur eutectic moved along
  intergranular boundaries, weakening the beam
• eutectic mixture evidenced only 1000C, much lower
  than expected for melting steel
• Possibilities raised by FEMA
• long-term heating in the ground
• pre-collapse, accelerated steel weakening
• FEMA calls for further investigation, NIST
  doesnt do it
• Raises the larger question of WTC steel removal

156
Removal of WTC SteelNot all bite-sized pieces

• Indicates not total dismemberment, but confuses
  issue of what melted prior to collapse

157
Removal of WTC SteelWhy is it an important issue?

• Largest crime in U.S. history
• Law requires preservation of evidence
• 350,000 tons removed (acc. to FEMA)
• Bloomberg looking at steel doesnt tell
  anything, need computer models
• Yet said to be highly sensitive

158
Removal of WTC SteelReasons given

• WTC1-2 Needed to find survivors
• WTC7
• Needed to find survivors (but evacuated)
• Putting pressure on Verizon building (but could
  have just moved that part)
• In any case, could have labeled, docu-mented
  location, and saved elsewhere

159
Removal of WTC SteelWhat happened to it?

• Thousands of pieces trucked to 4 landfills
• Immediate result
• Most sent to Asia
• Some used to build warship U.S.S. New York
• 150 pieces saved (in off-limits hangar at JFK)
• Only parts from underground and lobby area
• Who decided?
• Later (January 2007) found more
• 2 columns, 3 connected perimeter columns(under
  road excavated for human remains)
• 1 burned column at edge of site (city was cut
  off)

160
Removal of WTC SteelWhat did FEMA look for?

• Exterior column trees interior core columns
  from 1 2 above the impact zone or exposed to
  fire and/or aircraft-impacted
• Badly burnt pieces from WTC 7.
• Connections from WTC 1, 2, and 7, such as seat
  connections, single shear plates, and column
  splices.
• Bolts from WTC 1, 2, and 7 that were exposed to
  fire, fractured, and/or that appeared undamaged.
• Floor trusses, including stiffeners, seats, other
  components.
• Any piece that, in the engineer's professional
  opinion, might be useful for evaluation. When
  there was any doubt about a particular piece, the
  piece was kept while more information was
  gathered. A conservative approach was taken to
  avoid having important pieces processed in
  salvage yard operations.

161
Removal of WTC SteelWhat about FEMA?

• 62 trips to landfills Oct-Feb
• No access to Ground Zero
• No permission to collect or store steel
• No subpoena power to obtain building plans (to
  make intelligent choices)
• Their observation of anomalies dropped

162
Removal of WTC SteelHighly sensitive

• Nov 26 Trucks monitored by GPShttp//securitysol
  utions.com/ar/security_gps_job_massive/
• Sept alleged criminal scheme to divert steel
• Oct found 250 tons of scrap in LI and NJ
• Geofenced zones, geofenced corridors
• Improved efficiency and gridlock
• Driver behavior monitored, checked, analyzed
  (1.5hr lunch -gt firing)
• Loads consisted of highly sensitive material

163
Appendix 2EnergyA Technical Discussion
164
Lets get technical !
Was there ENOUGH ENERGY available

1. for NISTs pile driver to cause collapse?
2. to expand the large, fast dust clouds?
3. to throw heavy beams fast and far?

165
Forces and Momentum

• Momentum Transfer Analysis of the Collapse of the
  Upper Storeys of WTC 1
• Dr. Gordon Ross, June 2006
• http//www.journalof911studies.com/articles/Journa
  l_5_PTransferRoss.pdf

166
Forces and Momentum
Basic idea

• Previous momentum analyses treated floors as
  individual items hanging in space, instead of
  being interconnected, with forces moving and
  distributing through the structure below.

167
Forces and Momentum
What you need to know about . . .
Compression of Steel Columns

1. Elastic phase -- load increases to failure load,
   at which point column is shortened 0.2 of its
   length can recover (bounce)
2. Shortening phase -- failure load then shortens
   column, up to 3 of its length
3. Buckling phase -- buckling points appear, much
   less force needed to continue
4. Pressure wave -- moves at 4500 m/sec

168
Forces and Momentum
What happens 1

• Top 16 stories of North Tower (as a chunk)
  free-falls through a disappeared story
• Hits at 8.5 m/sec
• At that speed, it takes .013 sec to shorten next
  story by 3 (to commence buckling)
• .013 sec is time for force to propagate 60m, or
  16 stories down, so all these are moving and
  thus have momentum

169
Forces and (conserved) Momentum
What happens 2

• Now 161 stories falling, cuts speed from 8.5 to
  8 m/sec . . . BUT
• The 16 stories below are also moving slightly,
  and their combined momentum slows the top chunk
  to about 5 m/sec
• This gives additional time for the propagation
  wave to involve additional floors

170
Forces and Momentum

• ... and after many detailed calculations of
  kinetic and potential energy, elastic and plastic
  strain energy, and concrete pulverization
  energy...

171
Forces and Momentum
Energy Summary
172
Forces and Momentum
But thats an underestimate

• Initial drop -- Assumption of unimpeded drop is
  unrealistically favorable to continued collapse
• Elastic springback -- robs some kinetic energy
• Ejections -- mass is lost by material thrown
  outside the tower perimeter, and energy required
  to move that mass outward
• The chunk -- energy also absorbed by damage
  sustained by lighter columns in chunk
• Other damage -- energy needed to sever
  floor/column connections and destroy other
  structural elements and floor contents

173
Forces and Momentum
Conclusion

• The energy balance of the collapse moves into
  deficit during the plastic shortening phase of
  the first impacted columns showing that there
  would be insufficient energy available from the
  released potential energy of the upper section to
  satisfy all of the energy demands of the
  collision. The analysis shows that despite the
  assumptions made in favor of collapse
  continuation, vertical movement of the falling
  section would be arrested prior to completion of
  the 3 shortening phase of the impacted columns,
  and within 0.02 seconds after impact.

i.e., Collapse stops after 1 floor drop
174
2. Dust Cloud Expansion

• The North Tower's Dust Cloud
• Analysis of Energy Requirements for the Expansion
  of the Dust Cloud Following the Collapse of 1
  World Trade Center
• Jim Hoffman, January 2004 (v. 3.1)
• http//911research.wtc7.net/papers/dustvolume/volu
  mev3_1.html

175
Dust Cloud Expansion

• But before we get into the expansion of the dust
  cloud, what about all that dust?

176
Dust Cloud Expansion
Pulverization Energy

• Concrete in tower 90,000 tons
• Pulverize concrete to 2mm size
  1.5KWh/tonhttp//www.b-i-m.de/public/ibac/mueller
  .htm
• Energy to pulverize to 2mm 135,000 KWh
• But energy to pulverize inversely proportional to
  sqrt of particle diameter, dust 0.06 mm (or
  less)http//www.911-strike.com/powder.htm
• Sqrt 2 1.4, sqrt .06 .24 --- factor of 6
• So dust creation requires 6x135,000800,000 Kwh

177
Dust Cloud Expansion
Pulverization Energy

• Somewhere between 135,000 and 800,000 KWh needed
• FEMAs report Tower 1 construction stored more
  than 111,000 KWh potential energy
• So not enough energy to pulverize concrete not as
  fine as observed, much less distribute it in
  fast-moving large clouds
• But forget that. Theres more ....

178
Dust Cloud Expansion
Basic idea

• The amount of thermal energy needed to expand the
  North Tower dust cloud as observed 30 seconds
  after collapse is far greater than the
  gravitational potential energy available from the
  height and mass of the tower. How?

179
Dust Cloud Expansion
What can produce expansion?

1. expansion of gases due to heat
2. vaporization of liquids and solids
3. chemical reactions resulting in a net increase in
   the number of gaseous phase molecules(since this
   last can only be due to explosives, well ignore
   it)

180
Dust Cloud Expansion
Analysis steps

1. Estimate cloud volume at given specific time
   before diffusion occurs
2. Factor out mixed-in air to get volume of
   particles of the contents originally in tower
3. Establish ratio of this to the original volume --
   i.e., the volume of the tower?
4. How much energy is needed to generate that ratio
   of expansion for different levels of
   gas-expansion and liquid/solid vaporization?

181
Dust Cloud Expansion
The picture (30 seconds later)
The ref points
The cylinder Height 200 Radius 800
182
Dust Cloud Expansion
Parameters at 30 sec

• Cylinder volume 402 million ft3
• 1/4 is buildings, so dust 300 million ft3
• assume 1/3 is mixed-in air (unlikely -- see next
  slide) so conservative estimate ofCloud Volume
  200 million ft3
• Speed of advance observed 25 mph

183
Dust Cloud Expansion
Due to mixing/diffusion?

• 25 mph is too fast for advance to be diffusion
• Outside features of cloud were relatively stable,
  not diffused by m/d
• Sinking sections replaced by clear air
• Reports of people being picked up and carried by
  solid wall of hot dust

184
Dust Cloud Expansion
Expansion in 30 sec

• Tower volume1368 x 207 x 207 58.6 million
  ft3
• Cloud volume 200 million ft3
• Expansion ratio 3.41 (conservative)

185
Dust Cloud Expansion
1. Gas expansion by heat 1

• If pressure and amount (mass) stay the same,
  volume is proportional to absolute temperature
  (PV nRT)
• If start temp was room temp (300oK), 3.4 x that
  is 1020oK, an increase of 680o.
• Raising air that far requires 499,500 KWh
  (remember available energy 111,000)
• But it gets worse . . .

186
Dust Cloud Expansion
1. Gas expansion by heat 2

• Such tiny dust particles (10-60 microns) will
  reach temp equilibrium with surrounding air very
  fast
• So you have to raise them 680o too
• The 90,000 tons of concrete dust would require gt
  11 million KWh
• And if theres water, it gets worse, but well
  skip that and treat water separately

187
Dust Cloud Expansion
2. Vaporization of water

• 3.4 expansion means 2.4 x tower volume would be
  created steam 2.4 x 58 million ft3 141 million
  ft3 4 billion liters
• Volume at 100oC steam 1680 x water
• So 2.4 million liters of water needed to produce
  the entire cloud volume of steam
• Conversion would require gt 1.5 million KWh
• Plumbing concrete people not enough

188
Dust Cloud Expansion
How much of which?

• Heating of gases would require 780oC
• Ground level not that hot
• High heat apparent higher in cloud (next slide)
• Water-to-steam requires too much water, needs
  additional heat to get to 100oC first
• If combined steam conversion would add to the
  energy requirement of gas heating, additional
  head needed for concrete dust
• Reduction? Early dust settling would reduce
  needed heat, but cloud behavior contradicts that

189
Dust Cloud Expansion
High Temperatures

• Digital photographs and videos show a bright
  afterglow with a locus near the center of the
  cloud, commencing around 17 seconds after the
  onset of the North Tower's collapse.
• Once the afterglow started, the cloud developed
  large upwelling columns towering to over 600
  feet, and the previously gray cloud appeared to
  glow with a reddish hue.

190
Dust Cloud Expansion
Summary Energy Sources and Requirements
Conservative figures
191
Dust Cloud Expansion
Why conservative?

• They are based on an estimate of dust cloud
  volume at a time long before the cloud stopped
  growing.
• They use a liberal estimate of the contribution
  of mixing to the volume (1/3).
• They ignore thermal losses due to radiation.
• They ignore the resistance to expansion due to
  the inertia of the suspended materials, and
  energy requirements to overcome it.

192
Dust Cloud Expansion
Conclusion
The massive discrepancy between the gravitational
energy available and the heat energy needed to
drive the expansion of the dust cloud render the
gravity explanation for the collapse of the North
Tower (and similarly, the South Tower) untenable.
193
3. Beam Ejection
194
Beam Ejection
Photograph by Michael Rieger taken on 09/18/2001
in New York

• http//www.photolibrary.fema.gov/photodata/origina
  l/3942.jpg

195
Beam Ejection
Structure of Perimeter Columns
(FEMA)
196
Beam EjectionWell, maybe not 600,000 lbs...
MIN near top
NIST, via Gregory H. Urich B.S. Elect/Computer
Engineering
MAX near bottom
AVG scaled
http//www.journalof911studies.com/volume/200703
/GUrich/MassAndPeWtc.pdf
197
Beam Ejection
World Financial Center 3
198
Beam Ejection
Distance from North Tower to World Financial
Center 3
about 480 feet (NASA photo scale from FEMA
report)
199
Beam Ejection
Parameters

• Building WFC3 American Expresshttp//911research
  .wtc7.net/mirrors/guardian2/wtc/WTC_ch7.htm
• Horizontal distance 480 ft / 160 m
• Column weight 3.5K / 12K / 23K lbs
• Vertical distance (conservative) 325 m
• North Tower -- use top 400 m
• WFC3 24th floor 75 m
• Air resistance negligible (heavy, spearlike)

200
Beam Ejection
Calculation

• fall time sqrt (vert-distance / 1/2 gravity)
  sqrt ( 325 m / 4.8 m/sec2 )
  8.14 sec
• horizontal speed horiz-distance / time
  160 m / 8.14 sec
  71.1 m/sec 44.2 mph
• Force to accelerate 4 - 11 tons to 44 mph ??

201
So we got technical !
And guess what? There was not ENOUGH ENERGY
available for any of these theories or
observations

1. NISTs pile driver theory of collapse
2. expansion of the large, fast dust clouds
3. Heavy columns thrown far and fast