RUSSIAN INFLUENCE upon the culture of an interior Alaskan community

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RUSSIAN INFLUENCEupon the culture of an
interior Alaskan community
??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????
??????????? ??????

• Andrej A. Kibrik
• (Institute of Linguistics,
• Russian Academy of Sciences)
• aakibrik_at_gmail.com

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Tochono,??????? (Zagoskin)
Edzeno,??????? (Zagoskin)
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Nikolai a birds eye view??????? ? ??????
???????? ??????
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Welcome to Nikolai????? ?????????? ? ???????
5
Nikolai and the Upper Kuskokwim people??????? ?
?????????????????

• Nikolai around 100 residents
• The main location where the Upper Kiskokwim
  people reside
• The language is moribund
• Athabaskan language family

• ?. ??????? ????? 100 ???????
• ??? ???????? ????? ????????????
  ??????????????????
• ???? ??????????
• ??????????? ???????? ?????

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Layers of Upper Kuskokwim culture
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Manifestations of Russian influence??????????
???????? ???????

• Russion Orthodox religion
• Last names derived from Russian first names
• Lexical borrowings in the native language

• ??????? ???????????? ????
• ???????, ??????????? ?? ??????? ????
• ??????????? ????????????? ? ?????

8
Russian Orthodox faith??????? ???????????? ????
9
Old Church Slavonic ?????????????????? ????

• Older UK people remember and sing many prayers
  and chants in Old Church Slavonic
• Although they never understood a word in this
  language

• ????????????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ????????
  ?????????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??
  ?????????????????? ?????
• ???????? ?? ??, ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??
  ?????

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Bobby Esai, leader of the church community?????
????, ????? ????????? ??????
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Family names???????

• Main family names
• Nikolai
• Dennis
• Esai
• Gregory
• Petruska

• ???????? ???????
• ???????
• ??????
• ????
• ???????
• ????????

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Russian borrowings??????? ?????????????

• Immediately from Russian
• Via the mediation of one of the neighboring
  Athabaskan languages
• Via the mediation of Central Alaskan Yupik
  (Eskimo)

• ??????????????? ?? ???????? ?????
• ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????
  ??????
• ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????
  ????

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Russian ? Upper Kuskokwim??????? ?
???????????????????

• suhale
• galdi

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Russian ? Upper Kuskokwim??????? ?
???????????????????

• suhale ?????? crackers
• galdi ????? cards

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Russian ? Upper Kuskokwim??????? ?
???????????????????

• suhale ?????? crackers
• galdi ????? cards
• jise ???? watch, clock

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Russian ? other Athabaskan ? UK??????? ? ??????
??????????? ? ??

• mega ????, ???? bread, flour
• denje ?????? money
• tsaynech
• jilots
• medulja
• Denaina Upper Kuskokwim
• ??????? ???????????????????
• k, g ch, j
• ch ts
• (Krauss 1996)

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Russian ? other Athabaskan ? UK??????? ? ??????
??????????? ? ??

• mega ????, ???? bread, flour
• denje ?????? money
• tsaynech ?????? teakettle
• jilots ???? key
• medulja ??????? bottle
• Denaina Upper Kuskokwim
• ??????? ???????????????????
• k, g ch, j
• ch ts
• (Krauss 1996)

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Russian ? C. Yupik ? UK??????? ? ?. ???? ? ??

• maslik
• melik
• sahilik
• mosgak

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Russian ? C. Yupik ? UK??????? ? ?. ???? ? ??

• maslik ????? butter
• melik ???? soap
• sahilik ????? sugar
• mosgak ????? Easter

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Russian ? Yupik ? other Ath ? UK??????? ? ????
? ??. ????. ? ??

• manjak
• mojijak
• meljak

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Russian ? Yupik ? other Ath ? UK??????? ? ????
? ??. ????. ? ??

• manjak ????? jar
• mojijak ????? barrel
• meljak ????? fork
• jisik

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Russian ? Yupik ? other Ath ? UK??????? ? ????
? ??. ????. ? ??

• manjak ????? jar
• mojijak ????? barrel
• meljak ????? fork
• jisik ????? ???????, ?????????? (?? ????????
  ?????)
• white person, American (from Russian kazak
  cossack)

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???????????????????
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When did Russian America end?????? ???????????
??????? ????????

• In terms of large scale politics, in 1867
• However very little, if any, contact of the UKA
  people with the Russian civilization prior to
  1844
• Massive baptism of the UKA people started in
  mid-19th century
• In the 1860s, baptism of adults was actively
  going on (Illarion)
• The entrenchment of Russian influence upon UKA
  happened after the official end of Russian
  America
• ?ultural inertia influence can last many decades
  after the original factor was at its peak
• Culturally, the Russian American era lasted long
  beyond the date of its official termination

• ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ? 1867 ????
• ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ? ???????
  ???????????? ?? 1844 ????
• ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ?
  ???????? 19 ????
• ? 1860-? ??. ??????? ???????? ????????
  ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????? (????????)
• ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????
  ????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????
  ???????
• ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?
  ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????, ???
  ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????
• ? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????
  ???????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ?? ???????????? ??????????