Chapter 15: Exploration and Missionary Movements

1
Chapter 15 Exploration and Missionary Movements

• THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

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1. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Analyze the illustration of the New World
  (Novus Orbis, p. 545). Identify features of the
  map and explain why they are so distorted
  compared to modern maps.

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1. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)

• BASIC QUESTIONS
• What factors made the Age of Exploration
  possible?
• What were the positive and negative effects of
  the Age of Exploration?
•  
• KEY IDEAS
• Technical innovations in the maritime arts and a
  desire to bypass the trade monopoly of the
  Ottoman Empire and Italian merchants launched the
  Age of Exploration. The Portuguese searched for
  and found an eastern route to markets in the Far
  East.
• The Spanish sponsored Columbus, who set out to
  find a direct western route to China and India.
  His discovery of the West Indies set off a frenzy
  of exploration, including the first
  circumnavigation of the globe by Magellan.
  Mercantilism and the Columbian Exchange had
  profound effects on the world, both
  positivedeveloping the economies and increasing
  the food supply of Europeand negativeslavery,
  serfdom, massive epidemics, and the destruction
  of native cultures.

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• FOCUS QUESTION
•  
• How did the European economy motivate people
  during the Age of Exploration?
• After the fall of Constantinople, it became
  increasingly difficult and costly to receive
  goods from the East through the Ottoman Turks,
  and the farther west one lived, the more
  expensive were those imported goods. Spanish and
  Portuguese interests wanted to find a way to
  bypass Turkish and Italian middlemen.

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• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did government exploration and merchant trade
  beget one another?
• Government-sponsored explorations opened up new
  trading opportunities, which increased tax
  revenues, funded further exploration, and opened
  up further merchant trading.
•  
• What technological innovations aided the Age of
  Exploration?
• Prince Henry the Navigators school employed
  cosmographers and mathematicians to improve the
  quality of maps, charts, and navigational
  techniques. The compass and astrolabe were
  important new navigational instruments. The new
  caravel could sail against the wind, through high
  seas, and in shallow waters.

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• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Complete the following table about the causes of
  exploration.

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1. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Work with a partner to list the features that
  made the caravel the best ship of its time.

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• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was important about the voyage of
  Bartholomew Diaz?
• He sailed down the west coast of Africa and
  around the Cape of Good Hope, proving it was
  possible to bypass the Ottoman-controlled land
  route to the East.
•  
• What was the importance of Vasco da Gamas
  voyage?
• He sailed all the way to India, almost
  discovering Brazil in the process.
•  
• What did the Portuguese establish?
• They established the first worldwide trading
  empire.

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1. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table according to the map Voyages of Discovery
  (pp. 548549).

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• FOCUS QUESTION
•  
• Why was Columbus rejected by Portugal and
  sponsored by Spain?
• Columbus wanted to reach India by sailing
  westward. The Portuguese were committed to
  opening an eastern route to India around Africa,
  so they were not interested. The Spanish, wanting
  to compete against Portugal, were open to
  alternate routes.

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• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did Columbus think he could reach China by
  sailing westward?
• The second-century geographer Ptolemy wrote that
  the Eurasian land mass stretched halfway around
  the northern hemisphere. Columbus reasoned he
  could reach the easternmost part of China by
  sailing westward that distance.
• How far from Europe did Columbus estimate China
  to be?
• He calculated 2400 miles, which is a little less
  than the distance to the New World.

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1. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did Magellan accomplish?
• His crew circumnavigated the globe. For the first
  time, people had an accurate idea of the breadth
  of the earth.
•  
• Who were conquistadors?
• They were Spanish soldiers of fortune who
  conquered the Aztec, Inca, and other peoples in
  Central and South America.

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• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What other European nations joined the Age of
  Exploration?
• France, the Netherlands, and England also
  explored the New World.
•  
• What did Columbus think he had found, and what
  had he found?
• He thought he had reached the archipelagos, which
  holds the great island cities of China, but he
  actually found the Bahamas.

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• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was the effect of Columbuss success?
• It set off a frenzy of exploration to the New
  World, pitting Spain and Portugal in competition
  for colonial territory.
•  
• What was the Line of Demarcation (Tordesillas
  Line)?
• Drawn by Pope Alexander VI, it ceded land east of
  it to Portugal and west to Spain. Extension
  Since no one knew how much land was to the west,
  Spain was granted unwittingly much more land
  almost the whole of the Americas.

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• FOCUS QUESTION
•  
• What were some negative effects of the Age of
  Exploration?
• The gold and silver mined in the New World and
  imported to Europe inflated the money supply.
  England resorted to piracy to steal gold before
  it could reach Spain. Serfdom, which bound
  peasants to the land, was introduced in Germany
  and Austria and other Eastern European areas that
  could not compete with colonial agriculture in
  the New World. Mercantilism became dependent on
  slave labor. Disease brought by Spanish
  conquistadors killed thousands of native people,
  and colonizers disrupted and sometimes destroyed
  the indigenous peoples ways of life.

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• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What effect did the discovery of the New World
  have on the common laborer in Europe?
• New foods such as squash, potatoes, and beans
  were introduced to Europe, increasing the food
  supply.
•  
• What is mercantilism?
• This economic theory holds that nations should
  import raw materials and export finished goods,
  thus creating a surplus of capital for
  investment.
•  
• What was the Columbian Exchange?
• It was the widespread exchange of agricultural
  goods, animals, plants, diseases, and ideas
  between the eastern and western hemispheres,
  which began after 1492.

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• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What were some effects of the Columbian Exchange?
  
• It brought the potato from South America to
  Ireland and coffee from the Near East to the
  Andes. Horses and cattle were brought to the
  Americas, oranges to Florida, and bananas to
  Ecuador. Tomatoes, paprika, tobacco, peanuts, and
  cocoa were brought to Europe.
•  
• What effect did the Columbian Exchange have on
  the Plains Indians?
• They captured and learned to ride horses that had
  escaped from the Spanish, becoming nomadic,
  horseback bison hunters.

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1. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table according to the map Missionary Voyages
  (p. 554).

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• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 114 (pp. 576577)
• Practical Exercise 1 (p. 577)
• Workbook Questions 121
• Read Missionary Apostolate through
  The Philippines and Africa (pp. 556564) 

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• CLOSURE
•  
• Write a paragraph explaining the factors that
  contributed to the Age of Exploration.

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• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Work with a partner to discuss how the Age of
  Exploration reveals both the greatness of man and
  the reality of Original Sin.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Search the Internet for and view a map drawn by
  Matteo Ricci about 1620.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• BASIC QUESTIONS
• How did missionaries overcome formidable
  obstacles to evangelize the people of the Far
  East?
• What were some accomplishments of St. Francis
  Xavier and Matteo Ricci?
• What is inculturation, and why is it effective?
• KEY IDEAS
• Despite many obstacles to missionary activity,
  the discovery of new lands and the reforms of the
  Ecumenical Council of Trent resulted in an
  outpouring of evangelical spirit.
• St. Francis Xavier was perhaps the most
  successful missionary since St. Paul, winning
  large numbers of converts in India and Japan and
  leaving behind a strong administrative system and
  well-trained successors. In China Matteo Ricci
  provided a textbook example of how to evangelize
  a culture that was both hostile to Christianity
  and considered itself superior to it.
• Inculturationlearning the language and customs
  of the people being evangelized and adapting the
  expression of the Faith to that culturewas
  effective in India, China, Japan, and the
  Philippines.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What effect did the Catholic Reformation have on
  evangelization?
• The Catholic Reformation encouraged dedicated
  missionaries to spread the Gospel to newly
  encountered people.
•  
• What is De Propaganda Fide?
• This congregation was founded by the Pope in 1622
  to promote and establish apostolic missions.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was the basic difference between how the
  Catholic and Protestant settlers saw the native
  peoples?
• In North America the Spanish and French Catholic
  settlers saw the native people as human beings
  who should be protected, who could learn Spanish
  or French culture, and who could be converted and
  intermarry with Europeans. The English and Dutch
  Protestant settlers tended to see the natives as
  reprobates who may be killed and their lands
  seized.
•  
• What was the importance of Fr. Bartolome de las
  Casas?
• He was the first priest in the New World. He
  renounced his encomienda and fought to eradicate
  Indian and African slavery.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Read silently the selection from History of the
  Indians (p. 575), and then discuss the following
  questions
• According to Fr. Bartolome de las Casas, what
  basic method should a missionary employ in a
  pagan land? Do you agree with him?

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What big obstacles did the missionaries face?
• Vast distances to travel, extreme climates,
  differences in language, hostile natives, and the
  poor examples of many European settlers were
  obstacles to the work of missionaries.
•  
• What bad examples did many early European
  settlers set in missionary territories?
• Many early settlers were opportunistic
  adventurerswho were prone to mistreating and
  enslaving local peoplesor government officials
  who violated the native peoples human rights.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• According to tradition, who brought Christianity
  to India?
• St. Thomas the Apostle brought Christianity to
  India.
•  
• Is this tradition true?
• The scholarly consensus is that this tradition
  seems to be true.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTION
•  
• What is known about St. Thomas Christians?
• Though they left no written records, they were
  influenced by heretical Nestorians, which had
  proliferated in Mesopotamia enjoyed a high
  status in Indian society and had an archdeacon
  in charge parish councils a liturgy that
  included days of fasting and abstinence and
  churches similar in style to Hindu temples and
  Jewish synagogues.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• When St. Francis Xavier arrived in India, how did
  he counter the scandalous activities of the
  European settlers there?
• He worked for five months to reform their immoral
  behaviors.
•  
• What made St. Francis Xavier so successful?
• Besides his tireless activity, he learned the
  languages of the peoples he evangelized and
  displayed a simple charity toward all.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was St. Francis Xaviers legacy?
• He converted tens of thousands of Indians. St.
  Francis Xavier always left behind well trained
  successors and a strong administrative structure
  to continue to serve the newly evangelized
  peoples.
•  
• What did missionary success in Japan entail?
• While the Japanese were open to conversion,
  evangelization required the permission of the
  Shogun, the strongest tribal warlord. St. Francis
  baptized some 2000 Japanese.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did St. Francis Xavier seek entry to China,
  even though, if caught, he could be executed?
• He heard about the magnificent culture of the
  Celestial Empire and wanted to bring the Faith to
  it.
•  
• How did St. Franciss life end?
• He died before he could reach the mainland of
  China. Extension St. Francis Xavier is credited
  with having converted more people than anyone
  since St. Paul.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Who first evangelized China?
• Matteo Ricci evangelized China.
•  
• Why was China uniquely difficult to evangelize?
• The Chinese were satisfied with the excellence of
  their traditions, which included ancestor worship
  and philosophy based on truth and justice. They
  had no inclination to embrace a new civilization
  or religion from the West.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did Ricci evangelize the Chinese?
• Ricci appreciated and valued the culture that he
  had entered. He blended the eastern and western
  worlds in an attractive and compatible
  waydressing as a Mandarin scholaryet filled his
  residence with Western works of art and
  scientific instruments. Through his exemplary
  virtues and tantalizing glimpses into Western
  civilization, Ricci earned respect and attracted
  the attention of the emperor, whom he befriended.
  
•  
• How did the missionaries in India practice
  inculturation?
• They assimilated local customs, learned various
  dialects, and integrated themselves into the
  communities.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did Robert de Nobili apply inculturation to
  the high caste of Brahmins?
• He mastered Hindi and Sanskrit, studied the
  Brahmins, and learned what they held sacred and
  worthy of reverence. He fasted and abstained from
  foods that they considered unclean. With the
  permission of his bishop, he presented himself as
  a Christian Brahmin holy man to show Christian
  virtues in a way that the Brahmins could
  recognize.
•  
• What was the result of De Nobilis respect for
  the Brahmin caste?
• He converted some 150,000 souls.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did Matteo Ricci make Christianity attractive
  to the Chinese people?
• Besides his friendship with the emperor, Ricci
  gave lectures on science and astronomy,
  translated Christian principles into Chinese, and
  composed a liturgical rite in the vernacular.
•  
• How did Chinese Catholicism appear at its apex?
• Ricci converted some 2000 Chinese. Under his
  successor, the number grew to 237,000. In 1692
  the emperor granted complete toleration to the
  Church, and by 1724 the number of Chinese
  Catholics rose to 800,000.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
• What caused a decline in Chinese Christianity?
• The Chinese became wary of Western domination and
  began persecutions in 1724, which impacted
  missionary activity. The suppression of the
  Jesuit order in 1773 also diminished the number
  of available priests. By the end of the century,
  the number of Chinese Catholics was only
  about 300,000.
•  
• In Japan, how did the Shogun view the Faith?
• At the time of St Francis Xavier, the Shogun
  permitted missionary activity, which resulted in
  some 200,000 fervent converts. A later Shogun
  prohibited Christianity.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why were there so many Japanese Christians
  martyred?
• The Shogun was afraid of invasion and the
  destruction of Japanese civilization. Many
  Japanese Catholics were tortured and crucified as
  Christianity was suppressed.
•  
• When Japan reopened herself, what did French
  missionaries discover?
• They found some 50,000 secret Japanese
  Christians, who had retained the Faith for
  almost 300 years. Remarkably, they still pledged
  obedience to the Pope, venerated the Blessed
  Virgin Mary, and practiced clerical celibacy.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Work with a partner to contrast the different
  experiences of the Church in the Philippines and
  on the continent of Africa.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 1521 (p. 577)
• Practical Exercise 2 (p. 577)
• Workbook Questions 2244
• Read The New World through Conclusion (pp.
  564574)

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Write a one-paragraph essay in which you define
  inculturation and show how Robert de Nobili
  exemplified this among the Brahmins of India.

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2. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Work with a partner to make a graph charting the
  growth and decline of Catholicism in China from
  the late sixteenth until the end of the
  eighteenth century.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Discuss the following question
• Based on last nights reading, what did the
  Church do to promote the rights of native peoples
  in the Americas?

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• BASIC QUESTIONS
• What did the conquistadors Cortez and Pizarro
  accomplish?
• How did the conversion of Mexico occur?
• How did the evangelization of North America
  begin?
• KEY IDEAS
• Cortez and Pizarro, audacious and brutal
  adventurers, conquered the Aztec and Inca
  Empires, respectively.
• The conversion of Mexico was effected
  miraculously by the Blessed Virgin Mary (Our Lady
  of Guadalupe).
• Heroic missionaries and Popes tried to protect
  the native peoples and African slaves from
  European settlers greed and inhumanity. In North
  America French priests were the first martyrs,
  and English Catholics established the Colony of
  Maryland.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did Spain show that it was serious about the
  propagation of Christianity?
• Kings Charles I and Phillip II supported
  missionary clerics financially and passed
  legislation to protect the human rights of the
  native peoples.
•  
• What factors helped Cortez subdue Montezuma?
• Evidently, Montezuma considered Cortez a
  prophesied Aztec god. Fearing the Aztecs would
  turn on him, Cortez arrested the emperor.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How was Cortez able to conquer the Aztecs?
• In addition to the Spaniards brutality,
  audacity, and superior weapons, Cortez was aided
  by thousands of subjugated natives who hated the
  Aztecs. In addition, an epidemic of small pox
  decimated the Aztec people.
•  
• What was the extent of the Inca Empire?
• It covered territory that includes modern-day
  Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did Pizarro not try to conquer the Inca
  Empire in 1526?
• He had only a few men with him and realized he
  would have had to have raised an army. He
  returned in 1536 with an army only to find the
  empire embroiled in civil war.
•  
• How did Pizarro reveal his horrible brutality?
• Pizarro, fearing a trap from Emperor Atahuallpa,
  invited the emperor to his camp. When the emperor
  arrived with thousands of unarmed nobles, Pizarro
  assassinated a majority of the nobles and
  arrested and executed the emperor.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Who were three unsuccessful Spanish treasure
  hunters?
• Ponce de Leon, Hernando de Soto, and Francisco de
  Coronado were unsuccessful.
•  
• What was the religion of the natives of the
  Americas?
• They were largely animists who attributed human
  characteristics to material objects, animals, and
  plants. Many engaged in human sacrifice.
•  
• What were some challenges of missionaries in the
  New World?
• Besides native pagan priests who were bitter
  enemies of the missionaries, some of the Spanish
  conquerors were terrible Christian examples,
  ravaging native villages and enslaving the native
  peoples.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• To whom did the Blessed Virgin Mary appear at
  Tepeyac Hill?
• She appeared to St. Juan Diego.
•  
• What task did the Blessed Virgin Mary ask him to
  accomplish?
• She asked him to ask Bishop Juan de Zumarraga to
  build a church in her name.
•  
• What was the miracle of Guadalupe?
• An image of the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared on
  St. Juan Diegos tilma.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Perform a focused reading of the paragraph The
  Church did much (p. 568) using the following
  question from the Anticipatory Set
• What did the Church do to promote the rights of
  native peoples in the Americas?

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Answer the following questions according to the
  sidebar Recent Investigation of the Image (p.
  569)
• How was the image on the tilma made?
• What is remarkable about the condition of the
  tilma?
• What happened to the image when it was bombed?
• What is the Samson-Purkinje effect?
• Where is the Samson-Purkinje effect found?

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did Spanish missionaries seek to establish
  missions far away from European settlers?
• They wanted to protect the native peoples from
  the bad examples of many settlers and from their
  interference.
•  
• How were Spanish missions in the Americas?
• Each was a highly cultured, self-sustaining
  settlement in which the native people had
  complete control over their own affairs.
•  
• What were the effects of these missions?
• Between 1610 and 1767, thirty-two missions were
  established in North America with some 700,000
  Catholics.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did the Portuguese introduce slavery into
  Europe?
• It was an effort to solve labor shortages that
  had arisen within mercantilist economies.
  Extension The ends do not justify the means.
•  
• Which countries dominated the slave trade in
  Europe?
• The Dutch and English dominated it.
•  
• How was the slave trade for slaves?
• Travel was extremely hazardous. Families were
  separated, resulting in great suffering.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Work with a partner to perform a paragraph shrink
  on the paragraph In the Spanish missions (p.
  571).

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did Pope Eugene IV order the authorities in
  the Canary Islands to do?
• He ordered they desist from depriving native
  peoples of their property and from enslaving
  them instead, their former liberty should be
  restored.
• According to Pope Paul III, what was the
  motivation for slavery, and how did people try to
  justify it?
• He charged that slavery was to satisfy their own
  avarice. Slave owners claimed that the Indians
  were like brute animals lacking the Catholic
  Faith.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did Pope Paul III assert about the enslaved
  Indians?
• The Indians themselves indeed are true men.
•  
• What was the fate of St. John de Brebeuf in
  Canada?
• After working among the Huron, St. John was
  tortured barbarically and killed by the Iroquois.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did St. Isaac Jogues suffer from the Mohawks
  when he was taken prisoner in 1642?
• He was tortured and forced into slavery. His
  captors bit off his fingers.
•  
• What was St. Isaacs fate?
• St. Isaac could have lived out his life safely in
  France, but he chose to return to Canada to
  negotiate a peace settlement to the Indian wars.
  In 1646 he was blamed for a crop blight, and
  Mohawk warriors beat him to death.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did English Catholics found the colony of
  Maryland?
• They fled religious persecution in England.
•  
• Why was a bicameral legislature established in
  Maryland?
• It protected the Catholic minority from the
  growing Protestant population, which sought to
  restrict the religious liberty of Catholics as in
  the other English colonies.
•  
• What is nonestablishment?
• This principle forbids a government from
  establishing an official state religion.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 2228 (p. 577)
• Practical Exercises 34 (p. 577)
• Workbook Questions 4573

63
3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Write a paragraph about how Mexicans experienced
  the best and the worst that sixteenth-century
  Europeans had to offer.

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3. The New World (pp. 564574)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Discuss the following question
• What might have been the most successful way to
  have evangelized the New World?

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THE END