AKS 43: Age of Revolutions

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AKS 43Age of Revolutions Rebellions

• Chapter 21.5 Pages 614-617
• Chapter 22.4 Pages 640-645
• Chapter 23 Pages 651-675
• Chapter 24.1 Pages 681-686

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Warm Up 1 Test Corrections

• Write the question
• Write the answer
• Write where you found the answer
• ie notes, characteristics of Absolutism, warm
  ups, AKS 42 sheet.

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• You Need A Book !!!

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What would you do?
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What would you do?

• If the school started forcing students to pray a
  prayer asking God/gods for blessings during the
  moment of silence? If students refused they would
  be held after school until they said the prayer.
• If Mill Creek charged you a fee for being tardy
  to school and making up assignments? If the fees
  were not paid your credits would be suspended for
  advancement to the next grade.
• What avenues do students have to instigate
  change in the school society?

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EnglandDefying Parliament

• James I (1603-1625)
• Struggled w/ Parliament over
• Centralized and consolidated the power of the
  government and tried to win over the aristocracy
  by giving them new offices and titles.
• Not a lot of money to pay for it
• Conducted foreign policy without consulting
  Parliament
• Agreed to new trans. of Bible
• Granted the charter for the founding of
  Jamestown, which was named after him

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EnglandDefying Parliament
? Charlie!

• Charles I (1625-1649)
• Suspended Parliament and attempted to rule
  through his advisers.
• Collected taxes without the consent of Parliament
• Imprisoned those who refused to pay
• Quartered troops in citizens home
• Goals
• Rid the nation of Puritans
• Root out the country opposition

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EnglandDefying Parliament Charles I

• Charles needed money to defend the kingdom
  against a recent Scottish invasion.
• Scots did not like his religious policies
• Parliament demanded more rights
• Forced Charles to sign Petition of Right
• Not imprison subjects w/o due cause
• Not levy taxes w/o Parl.s consent
• Not house soldiers in private homes
• Not impose martial law during peacetime
• Set forth idea that law was higher than king
• After he receives the money he ignores the
  document and will try to arrest the leaders of
  Parliament for the affront to royal power

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EnglandEnglish Civil War (1642-1649)

• Background/Causes
• Parl. passed laws to limit royal power king
  outraged arrested Parl. leaders mob began to
  form
• Loyal to Charles Royalists/Cavaliers
• Puritan supporters of Parl.
• Roundheads

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EnglandEnglish Civil War (1642-1649)

• Result
• Roundheads win
• Oliver Cromwell
• Leader of the Roundheads
• Roundhead General
• Tried, beheaded Charles for treason 1649
• First time was publicly executed occurred in
  history
• Est. commonwealth (repub. form of govt)

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England (1660)

• Charles II
• Rule known as Restoration
• (Parliament restored the monarchy
• as an institution)
• Habeas Corpus
• Prisoners must be charged with a crime
• A judge must formally charge a prisoner
• Prisoners could not be held without trials
• Navigation Acts in the American colonies
• Since Charles II did not have any children, the
  throne would pass to his Catholic brother, James
  II. This contributed to growing tensions in
  England.

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England (1685-1689)

• James II Causes
• James offended subjects b/c he boasted his
  Catholicism
• Dissolved Parl. b/c he appointed Cath. officials
  to high office (against law)
• Glorious Revolution
• William Mary (James daughter) led army to
  London James II fled (bloodless overthrow)

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England (1689)

• Results Limits on Monarchs
• Became const. monarchy
• English Bill of Rights passed
• Made clear the limits of royal power
• included provisions that made Parliament stronger
  than the monarchy
• monarch could not suspend laws without
  Parliaments consent
• monarch needed Parliaments approval to raise
  taxes and maintain army
• monarch had to summon Parliament frequently
• monarch could not interfere with Parliamentary
  elections
• protected rights of individuals
• guaranteed trial by jury of anyone accused of
  crime
• outlawed cruel and unusual punishment
• limited amount of bail that could be imposed
• Cabinet developed to keep govt from halting to a
  standstill

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English Revolution

• Historical implications
• In England a body of political thought emerged
  that argued that human liberty can be ensured
  within the confines of a powerful national state
• One governed by mere mortals and not by divinely
  sanctioned and absolute kings
• At the heart of the enlightenment ideal lay the
  notion that the state serves the interests of
  those who support and create a viable
  alternative to absolutism
• Nations can survive without an absolute monarch

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English Revolution Sandwich James Sandwich
James I
Charles I
Charles II
Oliver Cromwell
James II
William and Mary Plate
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Warm Up The English Civil War

1. What was the Glorious Revolution? Why did it
   occur?
2. What is the new form of government established
   after the Glorious Revolution?
3. Why is the English Bill of Rights so important?
4. What is the Habeas Corpus Act? How does it
   impact modern governments?
5. What was restored during the Restoration? Who
   restored the institution?
6. What is the enduring historical significance of
   the English Revolution of the seventeenth
   century?

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American Revolution

• Background England
• England extended its hold all over the world
  taking control of parts of Asia, India, Canada
  and islands in the Caribbean.
• Britain wanted the colonies to provide the crown
  with money and they did.
• The government would only allow the sale of goods
  from the colonies to the England. The colonists
  were allowed to buy the goods from other
  countries but only after high tariffs were
  imposed.

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United States (1776)

• Causes
• Trade, tax laws seen as unfair by colonists
• Britain wanted the colonist to help pay for the
  French and Indian War
• Basic conflict Did the colonies exist to enrich
  Britain, or were they entitled to trade for their
  own profit?
• Boston Tea Party incident shutting down of
  Boston
• Battle at Lexington Concord
• Colonists are upset because they are not
  represented in Parliament
• Enlightenment Influence
• King George broke social contract
• Dec. of Ind. based on ideas of Locke others
  from Enlightenment (main author Thomas
  Jefferson)

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United States (1776)

• Changing Idea

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United States (1776)

• Success
• Colonists motivation greater
• British generals made mistakes
• Time British citizens got tired of fighting
• French helped at Yorktown
• Americans were skillful fighters

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United States (1776)

• Results
• Americans won ind. against
• King George III
• Articles of Confederation
• Failed because it only allowed one body of
  government
• To prevent the central government from becoming
  too powerful colonial delegates established the
  Federal system
• Federal System a government system in which
  power is divided between national and state
  governments.
• Constitution
• Based on theories of Locke, Montesquieu,
  Rousseau
• Bill of Rights
• 1st 10 amend. to Const.
• Protected basic rights as freedom of speech,
  press, assembly, religion ( ideas of Voltaire,
  Rousseau, Locke)

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Warm Up American Revolution

1. What was the first governing document of the
   United States? Why was it unsuccessful?
2. In order to create a check or controls on the
   central government, what type of system or
   government was formed? Define it.
3. Which philosophes ideas are most prevalent in
   the Declaration of Independence? Who wrote the
   Declaration of Independence?
4. What are the causes of the American Revolution?
5. Name the monarch whom the Americans had to
   overthrow in order to obtain independence?
6. What is the American Bill of Rights? What
   historical document does it closely resemble?
7. According to Locke and Rousseau if a government
   violates the _______ ________, its citizens can
   rise against it.
8. Why were the Americans successful in their fight
   for independence?
9. Name the first country to put the ideas of Locke,
   Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Voltaire into
   practice.

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Video

1. What were the causes of the French Revolution?
2. What is the name of the political and social
   system of France before the revolution?
3. Name who is in each Estate of the Estates
   General.
4. How many votes did each estate have in the
   assembly? Why was the Third Estate upset with
   the number of votes allotted to it.
5. Who paid most of the taxes in France before the
   French Revolution?
6. Why did Louis XVI call for a meeting of the
   Estates General for the first time in 175 years?
7. Why did the Third Estate form the National
   Assembly?
8. What happened on July 14, 1789?
9. What type of monarchy is established with the
   Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
   Constitution of 1791?
10. Name the French document that said every man is
    born free and equal is similar to the American
    Declaration of Independence.
11. What is the slogan of the revolution?

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Warm Up CP Review

1. What is Mercantilism? What would it encourage a
   country to do?
2. What do colonies provide a nation?
3. What was the effect of the cancellation of the
   Edict of Nantes?
4. What did Peter the Great do politically?
5. What are the core beliefs of the Enlightenment?
6. Who was Louis XIVs finance minister?
7. How was Russia predating ,Peters reign,
   different from Western Europe ?
8. What is a salon?
9. Where did the ideas of the Enlightenment spread?
10. What is an absolute monarch? Why did they become
    so powerful?

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Warm Up G/H Review

• What is Mercantilism? What would it encourage a
  country to do?
• What do colonies provide a nation?
• What was the effect of the cancellation of the
  Edict of Nantes?
• What did Peter the Great do politically?
• What are the core beliefs of the Enlightenment?

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French Revolution

• Four Stages
• Old Regime
• Moderate Stage 1789-91
• The Radical Stage 1792-94
• Napoleon becomes dictator and emperor

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France (1789)Revolution Begins (Causes)

• THE OLD REGIME
• First Estate
• Clergy
• Enlightenment ideas bad
• Second Estate
• Rich nobles
• Disagreed about Enlightenment idea
• Third Estate
• Bourgeoisie (middle class), peasant farmers
• No power to influence govt
• Embraced Enlightenment ideas
• Resented 1st and 2nd estates
• Paid almost all of the taxes

Embraced the Enlightenment ideals more closely
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France (1789)Revolution Begins (Causes)

• Economic Crisis
• Poor harvest hurt the economy
• Poor harvest hurt the economy
• peasants were starving and extremely poor
• nobles increased manorial dues, making the
  peasantry despise the whole hierarchy
• Huge Debt
• result of Louis XIVs spending loans
• wars to expand Frances borders
• The Palace of Versailles
• Louis XV
• extravagant personal spending and spending on
  wars (Seven Years War-France lost its colonies in
  Canada and India to Great Britain)

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France (1789)Revolution Begins (Causes)

• Louis XVI Marie Antoinette
• Inherited debt from previous kings
• Extravagant spenders themselves
• Louis weak leader, indecisive
• Marie spent a lot of money on gowns, jewels, etc.
• Known as Madame Deficit

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France (1789)Revolution Begins (Causes)

• Influence of Enlightenment Ideas
• Enlightenment ideas of equality and social
  justice influenced people of France to question
  the absolute monarchy (Old Regime) in France.
  They were also inspired by the American
  Revolution which showed the enlightenment ideals
  in action.

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France (1789)Revolution Begins (Causes)

• Estates-General
• Assembly of reps from all 3 estates
• Solution to problem - impose new tax on
  nobility assembly called to approve it in 1789
• First meeting in 175 years

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France (1789)Revolution Begins (Causes)

• At the meeting of the Estates General the estates
  argued over procedure and did not address the
  taxation issue
• Problem Third estates wants members of the
  estates general to vote as individuals on issues.
  This would allow the members of the third estate
  to ally with the liberal nobles and clergyman.
• The first and second estates detested the idea
  which would weaken their power base and allow
  them to be out voted

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France (1789) Moderate StageRevolution Begins
(Causes)

• National Assembly
• Formed by members of 3rd Estate when they were
  locked out of the meeting hall of the Estates
  General
• Tennis Court Oath
• broke down door to indoor tennis court vowed
  not to leave until new constitution was written
• Act proclaimed end of abs. mon. beginning of
  rep. govt

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France Moderate Stage Revolution Begins July 14,
1789 (Causes)

• Storming of Bastille (Spark that starts the
  Rev.)
• Louis sends troops to France word of them
  coming creates riots
• Mobs wanted Bastilles supply of gunpowder to
  defend the National Assembly stormed the prison
• killed prison guards, paraded in streets with
  their heads
• 1st major act of revolution

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Storming of the Bastille

• Importance
• Symbol of the Old Regimes darkness and despotism
  had fallen
• Forced Louis to give up his plan reduced Kings
  power
• Saved National Assembly
• Became great symbolic act of revolution for
  French people
• Some court nobles flee the country

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France (1789) Moderate Stage Revolution Begins
(Causes)

• Great Fear
• Senseless panic peasants became outlaws in fear
  that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize
  peasants

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Did You get it.

• What were the three estates in France?
• Why was each group in the 3rd estate dissatisfied
  with the Old Regime?
• Why was the fall of the Bastille important?

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Great Fear August Decrees of the National
Assembly

• August Decrees of the National Assembly
• Did away with the special privileges of the
  nobility
• Exclusive hunting rights
• Tax exemptions,
• monopoly on highest offices
• Manorial courts
• The right to demand labor services from peasants
• The decrees put an end to the Old Regime
• They also create the Declaration of the Rights
  of Man and the Citizen
• Louis XVI hesitated to approve the decrees which
  will lead to a second uprising
• Peasant women, demanding bread, marched on
  Versailles demanded Louis Marie return to
  Paris

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France (1789) Moderate Stage

• Declaration of the Rights of Man of the
  Citizens
• Similar to inspired by U.S. Dec. of Ind.
• Slogan Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

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France Moderate Stage

• The Rights of Man (1789)
• Document declared men are born free and remain
  free and equal in rights also freedom of
  speech, religion
• The goal of government was to preserve the above
  rights as well as liberty, property security, and
  resistance to oppression

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The Assembly adopted many reforms

• A limited monarchy (1791)
• Monarch lost absolute power, but still has
  executive power to enforce laws.
• Departments or districts of France created
• 83 districts, abolished the old districts of the
  Middle Ages.
• A new constitution for France (9/1791)
• Guaranteed all French citizens equal treatment
  under the law
• Citizens paying less than a specified amount in
  taxes could not vote
• 30 of the males over the age of twenty five were
  excluded by this stipulation
• Only the more well to do citizens qualified to
  sit in the Legislative Assembly, a unicameral
  parliament created to succeed the National
  Assembly

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The Assembly adopted many reforms

• A state-controlled church (1791)
• Catholic church lost its lands and its political
  independence
• Church officials and priests were elected by
  property owners and paid as state officials
• The new laws alarmed many peasants and drove a
  wedge between them and the bourgeoisie

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Warm Up French Revolution 1

• What were the causes of the French Revolution?
• What is the name of the political and social
  system of France before the revolution?
• Name who is in each Estate of the Estates
  General.
• How many votes did each estate have in the
  assembly? Why was the Third Estate upset with
  the number of votes allotted to it.
• Who paid most of the taxes in France before the
  French Revolution?
• Why did Louis XVI call for a meeting of the
  Estates General for the first time in 175 years?
• Why did the Third Estate form the National
  Assembly?
• What happened on July 14, 1789?
• What type of monarchy is established with the
  Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
  Constitution of 1791?
• Name the French document that said every man is
  born free and equal is similar to the American
  Declaration of Independence.
• What is the slogan of the revolution?

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What is the picture trying to convey?
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G/H Warm Up Review 2

1. What are the following numbers XIV? XVI? VII?
2. Who said that liberty was everyones birthright
   but that civilization or government reduced
   liberty?
3. What did Peter the Great do culturally?
4. What was Chinas trading policy in the 14th
   century?
5. Why did kings and queen of Europe assume
   unlimited power?
6. What class in France embraced the ideas of the
   Enlightenment the most?
7. Why was the Estates General convened after 175
   years?
8. What were the long term causes of the French
   Revolution? What was the immediate cause?
9. Why was the National Assembly formed?
10. Name the document that guaranteed freedom of
    speech and religion in France?

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CP Warm Up Review 2

• Who unified Japan and established a militaristic
  government? What is the name of the government?
• Why was the Edict of Nantes issued?
• Who is the Sun King?
• Who said every man was born with the natural
  rights of life liberty, and property? He also
  said it is the job of the government to protect
  these natural rights.
• What are the following numbers XIV? XVI? VII?
• Which estate paid almost all of the taxes in
  France during the Old Regime?
• What class in France embraced the ideas of the
  Enlightenment the most?
• Why was the National Assembly formed?
• What kind of government was established in 1791
  with the new constitution?

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The Radical Stage 1792-94

• A counterrevolution led by irreconcilable nobles
  and alienated churchmen, gained the support of
  strongly Catholic peasants. It began to threaten
  the changes made by the Revolution, forcing the
  revolutionary leadership to resort to extreme
  measures.
• The sans-culottes, small shopkeepers, artisans,
  and wage earners, foresaw that the bourgeoisie
  would succeed the fallen aristocracy as the
  ruling class.
• They wanted equality to include narrowing the gap
  between the rich and poor.
• A reduction of economic inequality,
• called for higher taxes for the wealthy
• redistribution of land.
• a democratic republic in which the common man had
  a voice.

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France Radical StageReform Terror

• France at War
• 1792 fought against Prussia Austria
• Mob imprisoned royal family
• Legislative Assembly declared king deposed,
  dissolved assembly, called for election of new
  legislature (National Convention)
• Jacobins radical political org. called for
  death of those who supported king

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France Radical Stage

• Bourgeoisie join Jacobin Club (1792)
• Jacobins (radicals)
• wanted a strong central government, with Paris as
  the center of power
• supported temporary governmental controls to deal
  with the needs of war and economic crisis (this
  gained the support of the sans-cullots)
• After the san-culottes surrounded the Convention
  and demanded the arrest of the Girondin
  delegates, the National Convention comes under
  control of the Jacobins.

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France (1789)Reform Terror

• Guillotine
• Machine with weighted blade that severed head of
  victim
• Louis and Marie executed in this way

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• Because of domestic and foreign threats, the
  National Convention took drastic action. It set
  aside the constitution that was created in 1793
  and created the Committee of Public Safety.
• The Committee of Public safety was led by
  Robespierre and imposed The Reign of Terror on
  the French citizens.

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France Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

• Maxmilien Robespierre
• Jacobin leader wanted to get rid of all of
  Frances past, religion, etc.
• Became leader of Committee of Public Safety
• From 1793-1794, ruled basically as a dictator
  this period called Reign of Terror

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France (1789)Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

• Reign of Terror
• Chief Task protect the revolution from its
  enemies
• Often had enemies tried in morning, guillotined
  in afternoon
• Many enemies were fellow radicals who
  challenged Robespierres leadership
• Many executed for the flimsiest of reasons

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France (1789)Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

• End of Terror
• 1794 members of Natl Convention turned on
  Robespierre he was executed by guillotine
• New Government after the Revolution
• Directory
• Set up new plan for govt. power w/ upper
  middle class
• Reestablished property requirements for voting
• Produced a counter-terror, as royalists and
  Catholics massacred Jacobins in the provinces
• Napoleon commanded Frances armies

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Lasting effects of the Revolution

• total war
• nationalism
• we believe in no supernatural religion our
  serious interior sentiments were all summed up in
  the one idea, how to be useful to the fatherland.
  Everything else was in our eyes, only
  trivial.It was our only religion.
• terror as a government policy
• a revolutionary mentality that sought to change
  the world, at times through violence
• ended inequality between social classes
• written constitution that limited kings power

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Warm-Up French Revolution 2

• Who (group) drove Robespierre from leadership of
  the revolutionaries?
• Which group was in control of France during the
  Reign of Terror? Who was the leader of that
  group?
• What was the main goal of the Committee of Public
  Safety?
• What is the oath that the third estate took
  after they were locked out of the meeting of the
  Estates General?
• Name the social group that mainly embraced the
  revolution.
• Name the different governments of France during
  the Revolution.
• What were the causes of the French Revolution?
• What was the rallying cry of the French
  Revolution?

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Review (Just write down the answers and you can
work with a partner. This will be available
online later today. It does not count as a warm
up.)

• He was a staunch believer in an absolute monarch,
  but disagreed with divine right
• He was a ruler in the Qing dynasty who reduced
  taxes, cut government expenses, and offered
  intellectuals gov. positions.
• French middle class that supported the ideas of
  the Enlightenment
• Political and social hierarchical system in
  France before the revolution
• They met because the king proposed a new tax on
  the second estate
• He was the leader of the Committee of Public
  Safety who was killed by his fellow
  revolutionaries. His death ended the Reign of
  Terror
• The goal of this group was to protect the
  revolution against its enemies
• They formed the National Assembly after being
  locked out of a meeting. They also formed a
  limited constitutional monarchy with the
  constitution of 1791.
• This officially started with the storming of a
  prison on July 14, 1789.
• This document guaranteed equal rights to all men
  in France
• This group did not have a lot of political power
  prior to the revolution. Many were well off shop
  keepers and lawyers
• This group paid most of the taxes in France prior
  to the revolution.

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
• Kangxi
• French Revolution
• Third Estate
• Robespierre
• Rousseau
• Committee of Public Safety
• Old Regime
• Bourgeoisie
• Estates General

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Napoleon Childhood
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France (1799-1815)Napoleons Rise Rule

• Hero Coup d'état
• Coup d'état quick takeover of power
• Brilliant military strategist with a photographic
  memory
• Defended National Convention with cannonade from
  royalists
• Invaded Italy successful Invaded Egypt
  unsuccessful
• Came back, surrounded legislature, members
  dissolved Directory, Napoleon declares himself
  first consul assumed role of dictator

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France (1799-1815)Napoleons Rise Rule

• Restored Order
• Kept many of changes from Revolution
• Set up tax system national banking system
• Helped protect industries and combat inflation
• Opened govt-run public schools
• Used to indoctrinate children
• Brought religion back
• Napoleon was a deist/atheist and only valued
  religion as a unify tool used to control the
  people.
• Created uniform set of laws Napoleonic Code
• Crowned self emperor in 1804

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Napoleonic Code

• Napoleonic Code gave the country a single set of
  laws
• code of laws that abolished the 3 Estates
• granted equal rights to all classes,
• but also censored newspapers,
• took away womens rights (the right to own
  property)
• Women are considered inferior and must be
  controlled by their husband.
• restored slavery in French colonies

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A Second Coalition attacked France

• At the time of Bonapartes coup, France was still
  at war with Britain, Austria, and Prussia.
• Napoleons army had forced Austria and Prussia to
  make peace, thus ending the First Coalition.
  1796-1797.
• Britain still fighting and forms Second Coalition
  in 1799 with Austria and Russia.
• 1802 Napoleon defeats the 2nd Coalition . It is
  the 1st time in 10 years that there is peace in
  Europe.
• He uses surprise and speed as essential
  ingredients of warfare.
• He sends a small elite force to engage the enemy,
  then the rest of his army would move to his
  enemys rear flank and cut them from the supply
  line.

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France (1799-1815)Napoleons Rise Rule

• Loss of American Territory
• Lost St. Domingue (Haiti)
• Sold Louisiana Territory in 1803 for 15 million
  to U.S.

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Third Coalition

• When Britain sees that Napoleon is not content to
  be simply ruler of France and that he has taken
  over part of Italy and Switzerland they feel
  threatened.
• Britain, along with Russia, Austria, Sweden, and
  Prussia, declare war on Napoleon in 1805. They
  form the Third Coalition.
• He defeats everyone in the coalition except
  Britain. Russia becomes his ally
• Napoleon controls most of Europe
• Napoleon built one of the greatest empires since
  Roman times.

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France (1799-1815)Napoleons Rise Rule

• Europe Battle of Trafalgar
• Battlefield success forced Austria, Prussia,
  Russia to sign peace treaties
• Only battle lost Battle of Trafalgar naval
  defeat
• Results ensured supremacy of British navy,
  forced Napoleon to give up plans of invading
  Britain

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I Love Questions

1. How did Napoleon seize power?
2. How did the Napoleonic Code carry out the ideas
   of the French Revolution? How did it limit
   liberty?

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France (1799-1815)Napoleons Defeat

• Mistakes
• Continental System
• Goal Prevent trade communication b/w Great
  Britain other European nations
• naval blockade that closed all European ports to
  British ships in order to cut off all trade with
  Britain
• Blockade not tight enough smugglers get cargo
  in out
• Napoleon attacked Portugal to enforce the terms
  of the Continental System
• The British navy, which is stronger than
  Napoleons, also had a naval blockade for ships
  bound for the European continent.
• They made ships of neutral countries, US
  included, sail to Britain in order to search and
  tax them.
• US was ticked off and they declare War on the
  British in 1812.

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France (1799-1815)Napoleons Defeat

• Peninsular War
• Napoleons failure to defeat England spawned his
  two later mistakes in an effort to enforce the
  blockade.
• Because the Spanish failed to prevent the
  Portuguese from trading with Britain and
  contributed little military or financial aid to
  Frances war effort, Napoleon invaded Spain.
• Napoleon tried to make his brother the king of
  Spain. The people of Spain did not like this idea
  and revolted due to the rise of nationalist
  feelings.
• Guerilla peasant fighters in Spain fought
  Napoleons forces 6 years
• England had pitched in to help the guerillas
• losses weakened French empire

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3. Napoleon invaded Russia
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France (1799-1815)Napoleons Defeat

• Mistakes
• Russia still continued to trade with the British
  in violation of the Continental System.
• Invasion of Russia (1812)
• Russians practiced scorched-earth policy
• Napoleon made it to Moscow Alexander had burned
  it
• Napoleon became trapped by the winter Russians
  attacked only 10,000 soldiers left to fight

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France (1799-1815)Napoleons Defeat

• Defeat
• Napoleon is defeated by the Grand Alliance
  (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden)
• Prussia Russia took advantage of inexperienced
  military
• Napoleon accepted terms of surrender exiled him
  to Elba

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France (1799-1815)Napoleons Defeat

• The Hundred Days Battle of Waterloo
• Hundred Days Napoleons last bid for power
• He is not willing to accept defeat
• Napoleon escaped Elba, regained power
• Battle of Waterloo Prussian British troops
  defeated French
• Napoleon exiled to St. Helena died 6 years later

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Napoleons Accomplishments

• He supported many of the changes of the French
  Revolution
• He put the French economy on solid footing by
  setting up an efficient tax collection system and
  a national banking system
• He overhauled the government to end corruption
  and improve efficiency
• He set up Lycees or government-run public schools
• He restored the position of the Catholic Church
  in France
• He introduced a comprehensive set of laws known
  as the Napoleonic Code, giving France a uniform
  set of laws
• He was greatly loved and admired by the French
  people

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Warm Up Napoleon

• How did Napoleon seize power?
• How did Napoleon both preserve and undermine the
  ideals of the French Revolution?
• How did Napoleon try to weaken Britain? What were
  the results?
• What were Napoleons three mistakes that
  eventually led to his defeat?
• Why did he attack Portugal?
• How did the Russian czar defeat Napoleon?
• What was the reaction to Napoleons return in
  France? In the countries of the Grand Alliance?
• What happened to Napoleon after he was defeated?
• Name the causes of the French Revolution and the
  effects of the Revolution.
• What law code does Napoleon create? What does it
  do?

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Europe before the Congress of Vienna ?
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France (1814-1815)Congress of Vienna

• Meeting called by four of the 5 Great Powers
• Delegates from Austria, Great Britain, Prussia,
  France, and Russia were in attendance.

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France (1814-1815)Congress of Vienna

• Klemens von Metternich His Plan
• Foreign minister of Austria
• Leader of the Congress of Vienna
• Didnt like democratic ideals of French
  Revolution
• Feared nationalism. Why?
• If Austrias many ethnic groups-Poles, Czechs,
  Magyars, Italians, South Slavs, and Romanians-
  embraced the nationalist spirit they would
  shatter the Hapsburg Empire
• Hated liberalism. Why?
• He felt it was a dangerous disease carried by
  middle class malcontents that produced domestic
  disorder and international instability.
• Ideals of liberty and equality led to 25 years of
  revolution, terror, and war.

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France (1814-1815)Congress of Vienna

• Goals
• French Containment
• Surrounded France w/ strong countries so it could
  not overpower weak nations
• Balance of Power
• No country, including France, would be a threat
  to others
• Legitimacy
• Restore ruling families of France, Spain, several
  states in Italy Central Europe to their thrones

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Europe after Congress of Vienna ?
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France (1814-1815)Congress of Vienna

• Political Changes
• Conservatives took control in many countries
• Many countries remained politically divided
• Latin American revolutions ensued
• Legacy
• Power of France ? Britain Prussian power ?
• Nationalism spread in Italy, Germany, Greece
• Ideas about authority basis of power changed
  democracy became more popular
• Brought a lasting peace for many later decades

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Warm Up Congress of Vienna

1. Who was the leader or most influential
   representative of the Congress of Vienna?
2. What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna?
3. Why did Metternich fear liberalism and
   nationalism?
4. In general, what were the political ideas of
   conservatives? Liberals? Radicals?
5. How was the Congress of Vienna a triumph for
   conservatives?

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Latin American Revolutions
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Social Structure in Latin America

• The Spanish monarch appointed viceroys to govern
  the colonies and make sure that Spanish law was
  enforced
• A strict social order then emerged in the Spanish
  colonies

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Social Structure of Latin America

• Peninsulares were men that were born in Spain
  sent to rule the colonies
• Held high offices
• Creoles were descendants of Spanish parents who
  were born in America
• Gens de couleur free people of color, including
  mulattos in Haiti
• Mestizospeople of mixed Native American and
  European descenttoday make up the biggest part
  of the population
• Mulattos were people of mixed European and
  African descent

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Haiti (1791-1804)
? His name is fun to say!!

• Background
• Population 40,000 white French settlers, 30,000
  gens de couleur (free blacks), 500,000 black
  slaves. Also had large communities of maroons
  (escaped slaves), who maintained their own
  societies and sometimes attacked plantations
• When the French Revolution broke out, white
  settlers in Saint Domingue sought the right to
  govern themselves
• Opposed legal and political equality with the
  gens de couleur
• 1789 Civil War broke out between the two groups
• 1791 Boukman, a vodou priest, organized a slave
  revolt. Everywhere the rebel slaves ventured
  they gained new recruits from the plantations
  they destroyed.
• All groups fought each other. African slaves
  won.

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Haiti (1791-1804)

• Causes
• Oppressed people (many slaves) fed up w/
  treatment from white masters
• Learned about the ideas of the enlightenment
  while fighting alongside Americans during the
  American Revolution.
• Toussaint LOuverture
• Became leader of rev., skilled general, diplomat
• French made peace, accused him of another
  uprising, sent him to prison in French Alps

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Haiti (1791-1804)

• Independence
• Jean Jacque Dessalines
• Took over for LOuverture
• 1804 declared colony an independent country
• 1st black colony to free itself from European
  control
• Only successful slave revolt in history
• 1st Latin American nation to gain its independence

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Latin America (1808-1825)

• Causes
• Lack of loyalty to king
• Lockes ideas when ruler removed, power shifted
  to the people
• The opportunity to revolt arose when Napoleon
  conquered Spain.
• The revolutions were led by Creoles

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Latin America (1808-1825)

• Simón Bolivar
• Venezuela called George Washington of S.A.
• Partnered w/ San Martín in Ecuador
• Bolivia named in his honor
• José de San Martín
• Liberator of Argentina, Chile, Peru

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Latin America (1808-1825)

• Mexico
• Miguel Hidalgo started revolutionary movement in
  Mexico
• José Morelos continued it (creoles feared loss of
  property, land, lives)
• Agustín de Iturbide finished - 1821
• Brazil
• Happened w/o fighting
• Brazilians signed petition, asked Dom Pedro (King
  Johns son) to rule, he agreed - 1822

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Outcome

• Caudillos
• These were basically military dictators take
  control in many countries.
• Most cared only about keeping their power.
• They did not help the people, but rather
  oppressed them.
• Most changes in government came at gunpoint.
• By 1830, Latin America was home to 16 independent
  countries
• Creoles benefited the most from the revolutions.
  Many maintained their social position
• The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• Spain continued to try and get control of its
  former colonies.
• Latin America would remain free and no European
  country would again control it.
• England and the US were not going to allow
  foreign involvement, in order to ensure their own
  economic interests in the region.
• President Monroe declared that no European nation
  would colonize or control any nation in the
  Americas.

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Comparison of Revolutions
COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL EXPERIMENTS NORTH AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL EXPERIMENTS NORTH AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA
NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA
Mother country had parliamentary government, so colonial governments had a constitutional model Mother country governed by absolute monarch colonial governments had authoritarian model
Colonies had previous experience with popular politics had their own governments that often operated independently from British control Colonies had no experience with popular politics colonial governments led by authoritarian Creoles
Military leaders were popular and sometimes became Presidents (Washington, ), but they did not try to take over the government as military leaders constitutional principle that military would be subordinate to the government Had difficulty subduing the power of military leaders set in place the tradition of military juntas taking over governments
American Revolution occurred in the 1770s vulnerable new nation emerged at an economically advantageous time, when the world economy was expanding Latin American Revolutions occurred during the early 1800s, a time when the world economy was contracting, a less advantageous time for new nations
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Warm Up Latin Am. Revolutions

1. Who inspired revolutions in Latin America with
   the invasion of Spain? Why?
2. How is the liberation of Brazil different from
   the other Latin American Revolutions?
3. Who are Jose de San Martin, Simon Bolivar,
   Toussaint LOuverture? What are their
   accomplishments?
4. What is the first country in Latin America to
   gain its independence? What else is unique about
   the revolution?
5. What social group were most likely leaders of the
   revolutions?
6. Draw the social pyramid in colonial Latin
   America.
7. Which country gained independence from the only
   successful slave revolt in history?
8. After the revolutions in Latin America, who
   normally held power in the fledgling countries?

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CP Review

1. He was the Austrian diplomat with the most
   influence at the Congress of Vienna
2. The first Latin American nation to gain its
   independence
3. This meeting had the goals of bringing back the
   old monarchs of Europe (Legitimacy), establishing
   a balance of power, and making sure France was
   surrounded by strong nations (containment)
4. This country was a colony of Spain. Miguel
   Hidalgo began the revolutionary movement there.
5. This continent had the most colonies in Latin
   America
6. These people were the only ones able to hold high
   government offices in Latin America. They were
   born in Europe but lived in Latin America
7. He is the leader of the only successful slave
   revolt in history
8. This is the only LA nation to gain its
   independence without a lot of bloodshed
9. He liberated parts of Spanish-speaking South
   America
10. This group was at the bottom of the social
    hierarchy in LA

1. Haiti
2. Mexico
3. Brazil
4. Miguel Hidalgo
5. Toussaint LOuverture
6. Jose de San Martin
7. Metternich
8. Mestizo
9. Native South American
10. Peninsular
11. Europe
12. Asia
13. Spain
14. England

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G/H Review

1. This was a victory for conservatives who in
   essence seized control of Europe after the
   Napoleonic wars
2. First black nation to gain its independence from
   colonial powers
3. He inspired the Latin American Revolutions by
   attacking Spain and diverting Spanish attentions
   to affairs in Europe
4. He was the Austrian diplomat with the most
   influence at the Congress of Vienna
5. The first Latin American nation to gain its
   independence
6. This meeting had the goals of bringing back the
   old monarchs of Europe (Legitimacy), establishing
   a balance of power, and making sure France was
   surrounded by strong nations (containment)
7. He freed parts of Spanish-Speaking South America
8. He is the leader of the only successful slave
   revolt in history
9. Miguel Hidalgo began the revolutionary movement
   in this former Spanish colony.
10. This continent established the most colonies in
    Latin America (LA)
11. These people were the only ones able to hold high
    government offices in Latin America. They were
    born in Europe but lived in Latin America
12. This is the only LA nation to gain its
    independence without a lot of bloodshed
13. This group was at the bottom of the social
    hierarchy in LA

1. Haiti
2. Mexico
3. Brazil
4. Miguel Hidalgo
5. Toussaint LOuverture
6. Jose de San Martin
7. Metternich
8. Mestizo
9. Native South American
10. Peninsular
11. Europe
12. Asia
13. Spain
14. England