Ocean Motion 16

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Ocean Motion 16
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Section 1 Ocean Water

• A.   Oceans are important for food, mineral, and
  energy resources transportation and weather and
  climate.
• 1.     Moist air masses move on land from oceans
• 2.     Oceans keep some places warm while
  creating cool, foggy days elsewhere

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• B.Oceans formed from volcanic water vapor.
• 1. Water vapor cooled, condensed into storm
  clouds.
• 2.     Rain fell and filled low areas on Earth
  called basins.
• 3. 70 of earths surface is covered by water

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• C.    Oceans contain gases such as oxygen, carbon
  dioxide, and nitrogen
• a.     Oxygen enters the water directly from the
  atmosphere and from organism that carry out
  photosynthesis
• b.     Carbon Dioxide enters from the atmosphere
  and organisms that respire

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• D.    The oceans also contain dissolved salts
  such as chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium,
  calcium, and potassium ions.
• 1.Ion is a charged atom or group of atoms
• 2.Ions come from rocks that are dissolved slowly
  by rivers and groundwater that flows into the
  ocean

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• C.    Salts
• 1.Most abundant elements in seawater is hydrogen
  and oxygen
• 2.When seawater evaporates these ions combine to
  form salts
• -- 3.Sodium and Chlorine make up most of the
  ions in seawater
• 4. When water evaporates sodium and chlorine
  combine to make the salt Halite

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• 5.     Halite is commonly know as Table Salt
• 6.     Salinitymeasure of salts dissolved in
  seawater
• 7.     One kilogram of ocean water contains about
  35 grams of dissolved salts (3.5)

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• 8.The elements in the ocean are balanced, which
  means they are added and removed at about the
  same rate.
• 9.Desalination is the process of removing salt
  from seawater.
• a.      Similar to the Water Cycle
• b.     Desalination Plants

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• Discussion Question
• What gases are in ocean water?
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• Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

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Section 2

• Section 2 Ocean Currents
• Mass movement, or flow of ocean water

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• A. Surface currents move the top few hundred
  meters of water horizontally, like rivers within
  the ocean. Powered by winds.
• 1.     The Coriolis effect is the shifting of
  winds and surface currents from their expected
  path and is caused by the Earths rotation.
• 2.     Image drawing a line straight out from the
  center of disk to the edge while the disk is
  rotating.

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• http//vortex.weather.brockport.edu/sweinbec/clas
  s/34_Coriolis.html

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• An airplane takes off from the North Pole and
  flies in a straight line toward the equator.
  During the flight time, Earth constantly, but
  slowly, rotates, so the path of the airplane from
  the ground would look like it had curved. The
  plane looks like it flew to the west, or right as
  Earth rotated. If you were watching Earth's
  surface from a fixed spot in outer space, you
  would see the plane move in a straight path, and
  Earth rotate underneath.

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• 3 .Because earth spins to the east, winds appear
  to curve to the right
• 4.     These winds cause water to pile up in
  certain parts of the ocean
• 5.     Coriolis effect causes currents north of
  the equator to turn to the right
• 6.     South of the equator to turn left

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• 7 Much knowledge of surface currents comes from
  nineteenth-century sailors.
• 8 Items washed up on beaches can be used to study
  currents.
• 9 East coast surface currents are warm because it
  is flowing from the equator, West Coast currents
  are cold because they are flowing from the poles

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• B. A circulation that brings deep, cold water to
  the ocean surface is called upwelling.
• C. When a mass of seawater becomes more dense
  than the surrounding water, a density current
  forms.

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Upwelling
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• 1.     Density currents begin in Antarctica and
  the North Atlantic Ocean and flow along the ocean
  floor towards the equator.
• a.      Ice forms in the Antarctic, but leaves
  the salt behind in the unfrozen water
• b.     Extra salt increases the salinity making
  it denser.
• c.      Denser water sinks to ocean floor and
  moves slowly toward the equator
• d. May take 1000 years to reach the equator

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• 2.     An intermediate current forms in the
  Mediterranean Sea.
• a.      Evaporation causes water to become more
  dense (Salinity)
• b.     Denser water flows out of the
  Mediterranean at a depth of 320 Meters
• c.      When it reaches the Atlantic Ocean it
  flows at a depth of 1000-200meters

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• 3. Density can be caused by increase in salinity,
  or temperatures

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Section 3 Ocean Waves and Tides
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• A. Waverhythmic movement that carries energy
  through matter or space
• 1. Waves look like hills and valleys with the
  crest the highest point and the trough the lowest
  part.
• a. Wavelength is the horizontal distance between
  crests or between troughs of two adjacent waves.

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• b. Wave height is the vertical distance between
  crest and trough.
• c. Half the distance of the wave height is called
  the amplitude of the wave
• d. Amplitude squared is proportional to the
  amount of energy the wave carries.

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• 2. As a wave passes, only energy moves forward
  water particles do not move.
• a.     Water moves around in a circle
• b.     Water below a depth equal to half the
  wavelength, is not effected by the wave motion
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• 3. A breaker is a collapsing wave near the shore.
• a. Friction with the ocean bottom slows water at
  the bottom of the wave.
• b.     Eventually, the top of the wave out runs
  the bottom and the wave collapses.
• c.      After a wave breaks onto shore, gravity
  pulls the water back into the sea

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• 4. Wind forms waves as friction piles water up
  wave height depends on wind speed, distance, and
  time.

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• B. The rise and fall of sea level, called a tide,
  is caused by a giant wave produced by the
  gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon.
• 1.     High tideas the crest of this giant wave
  approaches shore, the sea level appears to rise. 
• 2. Low tidelater, as the trough approaches, sea
  level appears to drop.

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• 3. The tidal range is the difference between the
  ocean level at high and low tides.
• a.      Some Atlantic and Pacific Coast of the US
  experience two high tides and two low tides per
  day
• b.     One low tide/high tide cycle takes about
  12 h. 25 min, a daily cycle of two high tides/two
  low tides takes 24 h 50 min. (slightly more then
  a day)

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• 4. Tidal ranges can vary while most shorelines
  have tidal ranges between 1 m and 2 m, some have
  ranges as low as about 30 cm or as high as 15 m.

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• 5. A wave that enters a river at rising tide is
  called a tidal bore.
• a.      Usually found in areas with large tidal
  ranges
• b.     When tidal bore enter the river it causes
  surface water to reverse its flow
• c.      In the Amazon River, the tidal bore
  rushes 650Km upstream at speeds of 65km/h causing
  a wave 5 meters in height

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• 6. Tides are caused primarily by gravity in the
  Earth-Moon system.
• a.      Moons gravity has exerts a strong pull on
  Earth and the water in the oceans
• b.The water bulges outward as earth and the moon
  revolve around a common center point

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• c.      Two bulges of water form, one on the side
  of the earth closest to the moon and one on the
  opposite side of the earth
• d.     Moons gravity pulls harder on the side
  closest to the moon
• e.      Where ocean bulges would be high tide,
  and areas of earths oceans not toward or away
  from the moon are low tides

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• 7. When the Sun, Earth, and the Moon line up in
  certain ways, the Sun can strengthen or weaken
  the Moons effects.
• a. Spring tides- Combine pull of the moon and the
  sun (higher high tides and lower low tides)
• b. Neap tides sun, moon and earth form a right
  angle (lower high tides and higher low tides)

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