COLD WAR CONFLICTS

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COLD WAR CONFLICTS

• U.S vs. U.S.S.R.

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Ch.18.1 Essential Questions

• What is a cold war?
• Between what two world powers was the Cold War
  fought?
• What were the origins of the Cold War?
• How did the political and economic systems of the
  United States and Soviet Union differ?

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ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

• After being Allies during WWII, the U.S. and
  U.S.S.R. soon viewed each other with increasing
  suspicion
• Their political differences created a climate of
  icy tension that plunged the two countries into
  an era of bitter rivalry known as the Cold War

The Cold War would dominate global affairs from
1945 until the breakup of the USSR in 1991
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POLITICAL DIFFERENCES

• At the heart of the tension was a fundamental
  difference in political systems
• America is a democracy that has a capitalist
  economic system, free elections and competing
  political parties
• In the U.S.S.R., the sole political party the
  Communists established a totalitarian regime
  with little or no rights for the citizens

Soviets viewed Marx, Engels and Lenin as founders
of Communism
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What exactly is capitalism?

• An economic system that is based on private
  ownership of the means of production and the
  creation of goods and services for profit

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What exactly is communism?

• A theory advocating elimination of private
  property
• A system in which goods are owned in common and
  are available to all as needed
• The state controls the means of production

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Post-War Aims

• United States
• Give all nations the right of self-determination
• Gain access to European raw materials and markets
  for its industries
• Rebuild European governments to ensure stability
• Reunite Germany because a productive Germany
  equals a secure Europe

• Soviet Union
• Encourage worldwide communist revolution
• Get reparations from Germany to rebuild its own
  economy
• Control Eastern Europe to balance U.S. influence
  in Western Europe
• Keep Germany divided and weak so that it cant
  threaten the USSR anymore

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SUSPICIONS DEVELOPED DURING THE WAR
ISSUES

• Even during the war, the two nations disagreed on
  many issues
• The U.S. was furious that Soviet leader Joseph
  Stalin had been an ally of Hitler for a time
• Stalin was upset that the U.S. had kept its
  development of the atomic bomb a secret

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THE UNITED NATIONS PROVIDES HOPE

• Hopes for world peace were high at the end of the
  war
• The most visible symbol of these hopes was the
  United Nations (U.N.)
• Formed in June of 1945, the U.N. was composed of
  50 nations
• Unfortunately, the U.N. soon became a forum for
  competing superpowers to spread their influence
  over others

The United Nations today has 191 member countries
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SOVIETS DOMINATE EASTERN EUROPE

• The Soviet Union suffered an estimated 20 million
  WWII deaths, half of whom were civilian
• As a result they felt justified in their claim to
  Eastern Europe
• Furthermore, they felt they needed Eastern Europe
  as a buffer against future German aggression

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STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET GOVERNMENTS

• Stalin installed satellite communist
  governments in the Eastern European countries of
  Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
  Romania, Yugoslavia and East Germany
• This after promising free elections for Eastern
  Europe at the Yalta Conference

In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and
capitalism were incompatible and another war
was inevitable
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Europe after World War II
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U.S. ESTABLISHES A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT

• Faced with the Soviet threat, Truman decided it
  was time to stop babying the Soviets
• In February 1946, George Kennan, an American
  diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of
  containment
• Containment meant the U.S. would prevent any
  further extension of communist rule

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CHURCHILL IRON CURTAIN ACROSS EUROPE

• Europe was now divided into two political
  regions a mostly democratic Western Europe and a
  communist Eastern Europe
• In a 1946 speech, Churchill said, An iron
  curtain has descended across the continent
• The phrase iron curtain came to stand for the
  division of Europe

Churchill, right, in Fulton, Missouri delivering
his iron curtain speech, 1946
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Iron Curtain cartoon, 1946
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THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE

• The American policy of containment soon
  expanded into a policy known as the Truman
  Doctrine
• This doctrine, first used in Greece and Turkey in
  the late 1940s, vowed to provide aid (money
  military supplies) to support free peoples who
  are resisting outside pressures
• By 1950, the U.S. had given 400 million in aid
  to Greece and Turkey

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THE MARSHALL PLAN

• Post-war Europe was devastated economically
• In June 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall
  proposed a U.S. aid package to European nations
• Western Europe accepted the help, while Eastern
  Europe (read Stalin) rejected the aid
• Over the next four years 16 European countries
  received 13 billion in U.S. aid
• By 1952 Western Europes economy was flourishing

The Marshall Plan helped Western Europe recover
economically
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Marshall Plan aid sent to European countries
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Marshall Aid cartoon, 1947
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SUPERPOWERS STRUGGLE OVER GERMANY

• At the end of the war, Germany was divided among
  the Allies into four zones for the purpose of
  occupation
• The U.S, France, and Great Britain decided to
  combine their 3 zones into one zone West
  Germany, or the Federal Republic of Germany
• The U.S.S.R. controlled East Germany, or the
  German Democratic Republic
• Now the superpowers were occupying an area right
  next to each other problems were bound to occur

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BERLIN AIRLIFT 1948

• When the Soviets attempted to block the three
  Western powers from access to Berlin in 1948, the
  2.1 million residents of West Berlin had only
  enough food for five weeks, resulting in a dire
  situation

Like the whole of Germany, the city of Berlin was
divided into four zones
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AMERICA BRITAIN AIRLIFT SUPPLIES TO WEST BERLIN

• Not wanting to invade and start a war with the
  Soviets, America and Britain started the Berlin
  airlift to fly supplies into West Berlin
• For 327 days, planes took off and landed every
  few minutes, around the clock
• In 277,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 million
  tons of food, fuel and medicine to the West
  Berliners

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SOVIETS LIFT BLOCKADE

• Realizing they were beaten and suffering a public
  relations nightmare, the Soviets lifted their
  blockade in May, 1949

On Christmas 1948, the plane crews brought gifts
to West Berlin
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NATO FORMED

• The Berlin blockade increased Western Europes
  fear of Soviet aggression
• As a result, ten West European nations joined the
  U.S and Canada on April 4, 1949 to form a
  defensive alliance known as the North Atlantic
  Treaty Organization

The NATO flag
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Ch.18.2 The Cold War Heats Up Essential Questions

• How did Communists come to power in China, and
  how did the United States react?
• Why did the United States get involved in the
  Korean War?
• What was the outcome of the Korean War?

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SECTION 2 THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

• CHINA
• For two decades, Chinese communists had struggled
  against the nationalist government of Chiang
  Kai-Shek
• The U.S. supported Chiang and gave the
  Nationalist Party 3 billion in aid during WWII
• However, Mao Zedongs Communist Party in China
  was strong, especially among Chinese peasants

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CHINESE CIVIL WAR 1944-1947

• After Japan left China at the end of the War,
  Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a
  bloody civil war
• Despite the U.S. sending billions to
  the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won
  the war and ruled China
• Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to
  neighboring Taiwan (Formosa)
• Mao established the Peoples Republic of China

MAO
Kai-Shek
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Why did Chiang Kai Shek lose?

• Many of his policies were unpopular with the
  common people (high taxes on farmers, even during
  famine)
• Government was corrupt and inefficient
• Even though he was supported by the United
  States, many of his practices were undemocratic
  (use of secret police)

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Why did Mao Zedong win?

• Attracted peasant support with promises of land
  reform
• Encouraged peasants to read and helped them
  improve farm production
• Benefitted from experienced guerilla army and a
  highly motivated leadership

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AMERICA STUNNED

• The American public was shocked that China had
  fallen to the Communists
• Many believed containment had failed and
  communism was expanding
• American fear of communism and communist
  expansion was increasing

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KOREAN WAR

• Japan had taken over Korea in 1910 and ruled it
  until August 1945
• As WWII ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th
  parallel surrendered to the Soviets
• Japanese soldiers south of the 38th surrendered
  to the Americans
• As in Germany, two nations developed, one
  communist (North Korea) and one democratic (South
  Korea)

Soviet controlled
U.S. controlled
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Split in Two

• North Korea, aka the Peoples Republic of Korea
• Leader Kim Il Sung
• Capital Pyongyang
• Supported by
• China
• Soviet Union

• South Korea, aka the Republic of Korea
• Leader Syngman Rhee
• Capital Seoul
• Supported by
• The United States
• United Nations

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NORTH KOREA ATTACKS SOUTH KOREA

• On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept
  across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on
  South Korea
• With only 500 U.S. troops in South Korea, the
  Soviets figured the Americans would not fight to
  save South Korea
• Instead, America sent troops, planes and ships to
  South Korea

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The See-Saw War

• Caught off guard, South Korean and U.S. forces
  were pushed to the Southern tip of the peninsula
  to the port city
  of Pusan.

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The United NationsRESPONDS

• At first, North Korea seemed unstoppable
• However, the U.N. Security Council voted to send
  troops to aid the South.
• The Soviet Union was not there to vote, and could
  not veto the U.N.s plan for military action.
• Truman sent troops and a naval fleet for support.

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MacArthurs Counterattack

• 16 nations sent 520,000 troops, 90 of which were
  American
• MacArthurs forces made a surprise amphibious
  landing behind enemy lines at the port of Inchon
• About half of the North Korean troops surrendered
• Very quickly, the war turned in favor of the UN

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Why did the Chinese get involved?

• The Chinese warned that they would not stand idly
  by and let the Americans come to the border
  (meaning, the Yalu River)

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CHINA JOINS THE FIGHT

• Just as it looked like the Americans were going
  to score a victory in the North, 300,000 Chinese
  soldiers joined the war on the side of the North
  Koreans
• The fight between North and South Korea had
  turned into a war in which the main opponents
  were Chinese Communists vs. America

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MACARTHUR RECOMMENDS ATTACKING CHINA

• To halt the bloody stalemate, General MacArthur
  called for an extension of the war into China
• Furthermore, MacArthur called for the U.S. to
  drop atomic bombs on several Chinese cities
• President Truman rejected the Generals requests

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MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN

• MacArthur continued to urge President Truman to
  attack China and tried to go behind Trumans back
  to the media Truman was furious with his general
• On April 1, 1951, Truman made the shocking
  announcement that he had fired MacArthur
• Americans were surprised and many still supported
  their fallen general

Macarthur was given a ticker-tape parade
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Settling for Stalemate

• Truce talks began between the two sides in July
  1951.
• They agreed on two points
• The location of the cease-fire line at the
  existing battle line
• The establishment of a demilitarized zone (DMZ)
  between the opposing sides
• They could not agree on the size of the table to
  be used at the peace talks.

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AN ARMISTICE IS SIGNED

• It would take another year to solve the
  problem of exchanging
• prisoners of war
• Finally, in July 1953, an
  agreement was signed that
  ended the war in a stalemate
• (38th parallel)
• Americas cost 54,000 lives and
  67 billion

Korean War Memorial, Washington D.C.
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Why is the Korean War referred to as the
Forgotten War?

• While the war was being fought, there wasnt much
  publicity at home
• Most Americans didnt feel affected (sound
  familiar? War in Afghanistan)
• Veterans returned home individually and not as
  units- no bands, no parades
• Korea tends to get lost in history between WW II
  and the Vietnam War

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Ch.18.3 The Cold War At Home- Essential Questions

• How/why did the U.S. government investigate the
  loyalty of its citizens?
• What was the basis of the Alger Hiss spy case and
  the Rosenberg spy case?
• What was Senator Joseph McCarthys role in
  stirring up communist hysteria in the United
  States?

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What is Hysteria?

• NO

• YES

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Fear of Communism abroad becomes fear of
Communism at home

• At the height of WWII, about 80,000 Americans
  claimed membership in the Communist Party
• Some feared that the first loyalty of these
  American Communists was to the Soviet Union
• Overall, Americans feared communist ideology, a
  world revolution and Soviet expansion

Anti-Soviet cartoon
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Anti-Communist Propaganda
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U.S. GOVERNMENT TAKES ACTION

• In March of 1947, President Truman set up the
  Loyalty Review Board
• The board was created to investigate federal
  employees and dismiss those disloyal to the U.S.
  government
• Congress didnt think this when far enough so
  they passed the McCarran Act in 1950. It stated
  that it was unlawful to plan for the
  establishment of a totalitarian regime in
  America.
• Truman vetoed the bill, but Congress overrided
  his veto.

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• The U.S. Attorney General also drew up a list of
  91 subversive organizations membership in any
  of these was ground for suspicion

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THE HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE

• The HUAC was a government body which first made
  headlines in 1947 when it began investigating
  communist influence in the movie industry
• The committee believed that Communists were
  sneaking propaganda into films
• The HUAC subpoenaed witnesses from Hollywood to
  discuss their involvement

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Anti-Communist propaganda during McCarthy era
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THE HOLLYWOOD TEN

• Ten witnesses refused to cooperate because they
  believed the proceedings were unconstitutional
  they were jailed
• Subsequently, the committee blacklisted 500
  actors, directors, writers and producers whom
  they believed had communist connections

The Hollywood Ten (And two lawyers)
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SPY CASES STUN THE NATION

• Two spy cases added to the fear gripping the
  nation
• Alger Hiss was accused of being a spy for the
  Soviets
• A young Republican congressman named Richard
  Nixon gained fame by tirelessly prosecuting Hiss
• Hiss was found guilty and jailed less than four
  years later Nixon was Vice-President

Nixon examines microfilm in Hiss case
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THE ROSENBERGS

• Another high profile trial was the Rosenberg spy
  case
• The Rosenbergs were accused of providing
  information to Soviets which enabled them to
  produce an atomic bomb in 1949
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were found guilty and
  executed

The Rosenbergs were the first U.S. citizens
executed for espionage
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MCCARTHY LAUNCHES WITCH HUNT

• The most famous anti-Communist activist was
  Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican from
  Wisconsin. He was an ineffective legislator up
  for re-election in 1952
• McCarthy took advantage of peoples concern about
  Communism by making unsupported claims that 205
  state department members were Communists

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MCCARTHYS DOWNFALL

• Finally, in 1954 McCarthy went too far
• He accused high ranking Army officers of being
  Communists
• In the televised proceedings McCarthys bullying
  of witnesses alienated the national audience. He
  never produced any evidence!
• Three years later he died of alcoholism at age 49

McCarthys attacking style and utter lack of
evidence led to his downfall
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THE AMERICAN SHAME

• Today, those Congressional witch hunts and
  episodes of red-baiting" are universally
  discredited as abuse of official power
• The history of the blacklist era has come to
  stand for demagoguery, censorship, and political
  despotism and the blacklisting, persecution, and
  jailing of American citizens for their political
  beliefs - or their perceived political beliefs -
  is regarded as a shameful chapter in modern
  American history

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Chapter 18.4 Essential Questions

• What was the policy of brinkmanship?
• What American and Soviet actions caused the Cold
  War to spread around the world?
• What was the impact of Sputnik and the U-2
  incident on the United States?

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SECTION 4 TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

• After World War II, the U.S. and U.S.S.R.
  competed in developing atomic and hydrogen bombs
• The Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in
  1949
• Americans reacted with fear it took away our
  advantage in weaponry
• The U.S. began work on a bomb 67 times stronger
  than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima the
  hydrogen bomb

An H-bomb test conducted by America near Bikini
Island in Pacific Ocean, 1954
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BRINKMANSHIP

• By the time both countries had the H-bomb (1953),
  President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his Secretary
  of State John Foster Dulles made it clear they
  were willing to use all military force (including
  nuclear weapons) to stop aggression
• The Soviets followed suit
• This willingness to go to the edge of all-out war
  became known as brinkmanship

Some Americans created shelters in their
backyards in case of nuclear attack
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THE COLD WAR SPREADS

• As the Cold War heated up, the U.S. depended more
  and more on information compiled by the Central
  Intelligence Agency or, CIA
• The CIA began attempts to weaken or overthrow
  governments unfriendly to the U.S.

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COVERT ACTIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

• One of the first covert operations occurred in
  the Middle East
• In Iran the U.S. orchestrated the return of the
  pro-U.S. Shah of Iran in 1953

The last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
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COVERT OPS IN LATIN AMERICA

• In 1954, the CIA also took covert actions in
  Guatemala (a Central America country just south
  of Mexico)
• The U.S. believed Guatemala was on the verge of
  becoming Communist, so the CIA trained an army
  which invaded the small country
• The actions eventually failed as a military
  dictator rose to power

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THE WARSAW PACT

• To counter the U.S. defense alliance (NATO), in
  1955 the Soviets formed their own mutual defense
  alliance known as the Warsaw Pact

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NATO WARSAW NEUTRAL
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Geneva Summit

• In July 1953, President Eisenhower flew to
  Geneva, Switzerland to meet with Soviet Premier
  Nikita Khrushchev.
• Ikes open-skies proposal was rejected, but
  the spirit of Geneva was seen as a step towards
  peace

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The Suez War

• Other countries, seizing upon the Cold War
  tension between the U.S. and Soviet Union, played
  one country against the other.
• This happened in Egypt, when Egyptian leader
  Gamal Abdel-Nasser sought aid from the United
  States and Soviet Union to finance construction
  of the Suez Canal.
• All-out war almost erupted when Nasser seized
  control of the canal, but the U.N. stepped in to
  stop the fighting.

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THE HUNGARIAN UPRISING

• Dominated by the Soviet Union since the end of
  WWII, the Hungarian people rose up in revolt in
  1956
• Led by Imre Nagy, the liberal Communist leader of
  Hungary, the people demanded free elections and
  the end of Soviet domination

The Soviets response was swift and brutal
30,000 Hungarians were killed (including Nagy) as
the Soviets reasserted control
The Soviets responded to the Hungarian revolt
with tanks
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THE COLD WAR TAKES TO THE SKIES

• The Space Race was initially dominated by the
  Soviets
• On October 4, 1957, they launched Sputnik, the
  worlds first artificial satellite
• Sputnik traveled around earth at 18,000 miles an
  hour, circling the globe every 96 minutes

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Gripped by fear

• Americans were shocked. They now felt vulnerable
  to nuclear attack they also felt inferior to the
  Soviets in terms of science and technology.
• Americans raced to improve education

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U-2 PLANES SPY ON SOVIETS

• In the late 1950s, the CIA began secret
  high-altitude spy missions over Soviet territory
• The U-2s infra-red cameras took detailed
  pictures of Soviet troop movements missile sites

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U-2 SPY PLANE SHOT DOWN OVER USSR

• On May 1, 1960, Francis Gary Powers U-2 spy
  plane was shot down over Soviet territory
• Powers parachuted into Soviet territory, was
  captured and sentenced to 10-years in prison
• Because of this incident, the 1960s opened with
  tension between the two superpowers as great as
  ever

Powers was released in 1962 in exchange for
convicted Soviet spy Rudolph Abel