Warm up

1
Warm up

• What developments have caused Atlanta to become a
  major transportation center?

2
Warm Up

• What does it mean to reapportion?

3
SS8H12 Topics of discussion

• County Unit system
• (end of the system and reapportionment)
• Jimmy Carter
• (as state senator, governor, president, former
  president)
• 1996 Olympics
• (its effect on Georgia)
• The 2-party system in Georgia
• Impact on politics
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• People of the 2-party system
• Immigrant communities in Georgia

4
SS8H12The student will explain the importance of
significant social, economical and political
developments in Georgia since 1970

• a. Evaluate the consequences of the end of the
  county unit system and reapportionment
• b. Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia
  as state senator, governor, president, and past
  president.
• c. Analyze the impact of the rise of the
  two-party system in Georgia.
• d. Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games
  on Georgia.
• e. Evaluate the importance of new immigrant
  communities to the growth and economy of Georgia.

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a. Evaluate the consequences of the end of the
county unit system and reapportionment

• The end of the county unit system brought many
  changes to Georgia politics
• The County Unit system became legal in 1917 when
  the Neill Primary Act was passed.

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County Unit System

• Under the county unit system, the winner of the
  popular vote in each county received the unit
  votes for that county.
• This system gave each county a given number of
  units based on the size of the population
• Urban counties received up to 8 votes
• Town counties received up to 4 votes
• Rural counties received at least 2 votes
• Smaller, rural areas had more voting units per
  person than the large city areas.

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County Unit System

• Look at the table below and explain what is
  unfair about the county unit system

County Population of voting units
Echols 1,876 1
Fulton 556,326 3
Glascock 2,672 1
Quitman 2,432 1
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County Unit System

• The system gave most of the political power to
  the rural communities
• Many African Americans and whites who wanted to
  see change lived in the cities
• Cities had fewer unit votes per person so their
  vote did not count as much.
• Voting districts were segregated to increase the
  voting power of white citizens which protected
  segregation and slowed the civil rights movement
  in the state.

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County Unit

• Change came in 1962
• James Sanders from Atlanta sued James Gray from a
  rural county saying Grays vote counted more than
  his.
• The judge ruled in favor of Sanders and declared
  that each person should have one vote.
• This became known as the one man, one vote rule

10
Reapportionment

• The 15th amendment guarantees equal protection in
  regards to voting.
• The Supreme Court ordered Georgia to reorganize
  its Congressional districts
• This was known as Reapportionment.
• The boundaries of the voting districts were
  changed to make each district more equally
  representative.

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Effects of Reapportionment

• Before Reapportionment

• After Reapportionment

• All votes were equal.
• African Americans and other liberals were able to
  vote for change.
• People in the cities had more influence on votes
• Groups like the NAACP helped African Americans
  register to vote.
• People began to vote for desegregation and
  equality in public places

• Many African Americans were unable to vote.
• Laws were in place that made it harder for
  African Americans to register to vote.
• Most African Americans lived in urban areas that
  had fewer unit votes.
• The unit votes did not add up to make a change.

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Effects of Reapportionment

• Carl Sanders was the first governor elected by
  popular vote under the new system
• Helped Georgia move to a more industrial economy
• The legislature increased minimum wage
• Laws helped protect African American workers from
  other racist practices.
• African Americans were able to make more money
  and live a better life

13
Warm Up

• Where is Jimmy Carter from and what business was
  he involved in before politics?

14
Jimmy Carter

• SS8H12 b. Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in
  Georgia as state senator, governor, president,
  and past president.
• Essential Question What impact did Jimmy Carter
  have in state and federal politics?

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Jimmy Carter

• Born in Plains Georgia
• Attended Georgia Southern and U.S. Naval Academy
• Returned home to Plains GA to run the family
  farm.
• Peanuts were the primary crop.
• He differed from many of the other residents of
  Plains in his views on segregation
• He did not approve of the segregation laws and
  this belief shaped many of his political
  decisions.

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Jimmy Carter State Senator and Governor

• Elected to the Georgia senate in 1962 and 1964
• His main focus was improving education
• He lost the governor election in the primary in
  1966 but won in 1970.

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Jimmy Carter

• In his inaugural address he said
• I say to you quite frankly that the time for
  racial discrimination is over. No poor, rural,
  weak, or black person should ever have to bear
  the additional burden of being deprived of the
  opportunity of an education, a job, or simple
  justice.

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Jimmy Carteras Governor

• Set up a task force to study every state agency
• Combined about 300 state agencies and boards into
  about 30 agencies
• This restructure saved the state both time and
  money
• Made the state give equal money to both wealthy
  and poor schools throughout the state
• Laws passed to protect the environment and
  historical sites

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Jimmy Carteras Governor

• Made judges and state officials earn jobs based
  on things they had done as apposed to the
  political influence they held.
• Appointed women and people of color to important
  jobs in the state government.
• Appointed more people of color to positions than
  all of the governors before him combined.

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Jimmy Carter as President

• Elected as President of the United States in 1976

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Jimmy Carter as President

• Known as a casual and hard working president
• Daughter, Amy Carter, attended Washington D.C.
  public school and would often have school friends
  over to the white house to play

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Jimmy Carter as President

• Very involved in peaceful relations between
  countries
• Developed and signed
• Panama Canal treaty
• Treaty of peace between Egypt and Israel
• SALT II treaty to reduce nuclear arms with Soviet
  Union
• Established diplomatic relations with China

23
Jimmy Carter as President

• Iranian Hostage crisis
• Carter allowed the former shah of Iran to see a
  Dr. in the U.S. after being removed from power by
  Ayatollah Khomeini.
• Angry Iranians seized a group of Americans in
  Iran and held them hostage for 444 days.
• On attempt to rescued the hostages failed
• Americans unhappy with how the situation was
  handled
• This contributed to Carters loss in 1980
• The hostages were released the day after Carter
  left office

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Iran Hostage Crisis
25
Jimmy Carter as President

• Other problems with presidency.
• Price of oil remained high
• Inflation went from 6 to 15
• Unemployment high
• Planned to cut federal spending
• Taxed imported oil
• Restricted consumer credit

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Jimmy Carter as President

• Lasting outcomes of his Presidency
• Created Department of Education
• Reorganized the departments of Health, Education,
  and Welfare to become the Department of Health
  and Human Services

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Jimmy Carter as Past President

• Carter moved back to Plains, Georgia after
  presidency ended
• Continued work for human rights and peace
  throughout the world through organizations such
  as
• Carter Presidential
• Center
• Carter Center at
• Emory University
• International Network
• Council
• Jimmy Carter
• Work Project
• Atlanta Project to help
• low-income families

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Jimmy Carter as Past President

• Continues to work with leaders around the world
  to build peace.
• Since his presidency, he has helped solve
  conflicts in the following countries
• Ethiopia (1989)
• Bosnia (1994)
• Haiti (1994)
• Liberia (1994)
• North Korea (1994)
• Sudan (1995)
• Great Lakes Region of Africa (1995-96)
• Venezuela (2002-2003)

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Jimmy Carter as Past President

• Because of his efforts to maintain peace around
  the world, Jimmy Carter has received many awards
• President Clinton awarded
• him the Presidential Medal
• of Freedom.
• Nobel Peace Prize

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Warm Up

• What was the biggest cause of inflation during
  Carters Presidency?

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SS8H12 a,b quiz

• 4. How did Jimmy Carter personally help to end
  racial discrimination and segregation as governor
  of Georgia?
• Carter appointed more people of color to
  government positions than ever before.
• Carter made funding for education equal for
  students in low-income and wealthy areas.
• Carter merged about 300 state agencies and boards
  into about 30 agencies.
• Carter appointed judges and state government
  officials based on accomplishments and merit.
• 5. Which international award did President
  Carter receive for his efforts to find peaceful
  solutions around the world?
• The Walter Mondale Peace Prize
• The United Nations Service Award
• The Nobel Peace Prize
• The Presidential Medal of Freedom
• 6. Which economic development was the biggest
  cause of inflation during Jimmy Carters
  presidency?
• The Iranian hostage crisis
• The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• High prices on foreign oil
• Decreasing aid and exports to foreign countries
• 7. In which branch of the armed forces did Jimmy
  Carter serve?
• Army
• Navy
• Air Force

• 1. The Neill Primary Act supported
  discrimination by
• a. Requiring minorities to pass tests in order
  to vote.
• b. Legalizing the county unit system.
• c. Encouraging blacks to vote in the cities.
• d. Reorganizing the voting system in Georgia.
•  
• 2. The county unit voting system was declared
  unconstitutional by the Supreme Court because it
  violated the
• a. Civil Rights Act.
• b. Voting Rights Act.
• c. Fourteenth Amendment.
• d. Equal Rights Protection Act.
• 3. Which term and definition is matched
  correctly?
• a. Amendmenta change made to the U.S.
  Constitution
• b. Legislatorthe executive head of a state
• c. Reapportionmentsharing funds with all
  citizens equally
• d. Segregationracial equality in public places
•  

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SS8H12 c. Analyze the impact of the rise of the
two-party system in Georgia.

• A one-party system only allows one political
  party to have power
• Until the early 1970s, Georgias politics were
  controlled by the Democratic party due to the
  County Unit System.
• The change came as a result of the end of the
  County Unit System and the Voting Rights Act in
  1965
• The Voting Rights Act encouraged many blacks to
  vote
• 8 African Americans elected to Georgia House of
  Representatives 2 elected to Senate in 1965 and
  1966

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From 1-party to 2

• The one-party system (Democratic Party) only
  allowed a small percentage of the population to
  have their views represented in government
• Mostly rural citizens
• Urban centers were not as influencial
• Only one side of an argument represented
• Came to an end with the end of County unit system
• Gave urban and suburban areas equal voice in
  government

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Followed the Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Outlawed a States ability to disenfranchise
  African Americans
• Literacy Tests
• Understanding tests
• Poll Tax
• As a result, the percentage of registered voters
  in the African American community rose from 23
  to 61

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Two-Party System

• Julian Bond civil rights leader elected to
  Georgia House of Representatives in 1965.
• Other legislators refused to allow Bond
• They claimed Bond spoke against the United states
  during the Vietnam war.
• Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bonds election
  saying the Georgia had denied Bonds freedom of
  Speech.

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Outcomes of the two-party system

• Democratic party no longer in control causing
  many laws to change.
• African Americans no longer had to pass tests to
  become registered voters.
• No longer held back from polling places.
• Urban vote began to outnumber rural vote
• Political groups began to form in support of
  equality in government, education, and
  employment, and social welfare and start up
  capital for African American run businesses.

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People under the 2-party system

• Maynard Jackson first African American Mayor of
  a Major city in the south
• Calvin Smyre appointed by Governor Joe Harris
  as assistant floor leader in 1983 and became
  floor leader in 1986. (floor leader promotes the
  governors interest on the senate floor).

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Economy and the 2-party system

• Before the 1970s, agriculture dominated the
  economy.
• After the death of the County Unit system, more
  votes came from cities.
• More businesses and industries were able to move
  into cities.
• Minimum wage was raised and standard of living
  increased.
• People of color were offered more opportunities
  both as employees and as business owners.
• Georgias leading manufacturing goods are now
  chemicals, food products, textiles, and
  transportation equipment.

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SS8H12 c. quiz

• 1. Which politician is correctly matched with
  his position?
•  
• Julian BondGeorgia legislator in 1965
• Maynard H. Jacksonmayor of Savannah in 1973
• Gene WalkerHouse majority whip in 1989
• Al ScottCommissioner of Education
•  
• 2. How has the economy in Georgia changed since
  1970?
•  
• Farming is the largest industry in the state.
• Industries have become the states largest
  income.
• Not much has changed since the 1970s.
• Entertainment is now the largest industry in the
  state.
•  
•  

• 3. A person who supports a one-party system
  would most likely agree with which of these
  statements?
•  
• All people, no matter what their education,
  should be able to vote.
• There is only one good choice, do not get people
  confused.
• People of color need to have a voice.
• Everyones opinion and vote counts.
•  
• 4. Which of the following is a direct result of
  the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
•  
• Segregation was made illegal at election polls.
• Black legislators were elected.
• Many new black voters registered in 1966.
• Julian Bonds right to free speech was upheld.

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SS8H12 d,e

• d. Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games
  on Georgia.
• e. Evaluate the importance of new immigrant
  communities to the growth and economy of Georgia.
• Essential Question What impact did the 1996
  Olympic games have on Georgia?

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1996 Olympics
42
1996 Olympics

• Mayor Andrew Young and Billy Payne were
  influential in bringing the Olympics to Atlanta.
• Olympic committee was impressed with Atlanta
  because of it History in the civil rights
  movement and its mild climate.
• The Federal government paid to replace sidewalks,
  put in street signs, and plant trees.
• Streets and highways were also fixed and
  enlarged.
• Hotels were added and many restaurants and shops
  were built and sports venues and sites were
  added.
• Many people concerned with the amount of
  commercialism (focus on making a lot of money)
  involved in hosting the games.

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1996 Olympics

• Effect on Georgia was good
• Added buildings have allowed Georgia to host many
  conventions over the past 5 years
• Tourism has also increased since Olympics
• Housing in Atlanta has improved
• Housing areas replaced with nice apartment
  buildings
• GA Tech dormitories improved to house Olympic
  Athletes.
• Economy boosted
• 72 million visitors came to Atlanta
• Many people opened booths at different venues

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Georgia Immigrants

• Immigrants people who come to Georgia from
  another country.
• Most immigrants come to find a better job and a
  chance for a better life
• Throughout history, Immigrants have helped
  economies by filling jobs when their werent
  enough workers
• Many immigrants have come to Georgia from Mexico
  and other Latin American countries
• Help the economy of an area by spending their
  money in local stores and housing.

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SS8H12 d,e quiz

• 1. Which of the following BEST states why
  Georgias business leaders wanted to host
• the Olympics?
• To make money for themselves
• To provide educational opportunities for
  Georgias children
• To show the world that Georgia is a city for
  international business
• To enjoy the games in their home state
•  
• 2. Much of the money needed to host the Olympics
  came from
•  
• The federal government
• The International Olympic Committee
• Foreign governments
• Local businesses
•  
•  

• 3. A way in which immigrants help the economy is
  by
•  
• Bringing money into the county
• Sending money to the country from which they came
• Running for political office
• Filling jobs when there arent enough workers
•  
• 4. Many of the immigrants who come to Georgia
  are from
•  
• Asia
• Mexico
• Europe
• Canada