Chapter 11 Islamic Civilization

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Chapter 11Islamic Civilization
Great Mosque in Makkah
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Section 1 The Rise of Islam
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• Deserts cover most of Arabian peninsula.
• Vast platform of ancient rocks once continuous
  with north-east Africa. Fissures from the rift
  valley opened up to create the Red Sea Gulf of
  Aden.

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• Underground water rises occasionally to the
  surface to create an oasis in the vast desert.
• Southwest mountain region receives enough rain to
  support plants such as olive trees.

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• Bedouins- Arab desert herders who travelled from
  oasis to oasis to find water and food for their
  cattle. (camels, goats, sheep)

Bedouins also regularly attacked traveling
merchants, robbing them of goods.
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Trade and Towns

• Many other Arabs lived in villages where they
  farmed, raised animals or were merchants.
  Merchants would transport goods across the desert
  to traders coming from Europe and Asia by
  caravans. As trade grew, more towns developed in
  Arabia. Makkah or Mecca became the richest of
  them all.

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Islam?

• Islam is an Arabic word meaning, to surrender.
  For Muslims it means to surrender to the will of
  Allah or God.

the religious faith of Muslims, based on the
words and religious system founded by the prophet
Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic
principle of which is absolute submission to a
unique and personal god, Allah.
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Prophet Muhammad

• A.D. 570 Muhammad born in Makkah, into a poor
  clan which opposed the wealthier merchant clans.
  Grew up in poverty, (his father died before he
  was born, therefore he could not inherit any
  land) became a servant to and later married a
  wealthy widow at 25.
• 610, Muhammad hears a voice from heaven telling
  him to recite the words of God. He believed he
  was the 7th and final prophet of God. Whatever he
  said was Gods message to the Arabs, and is
  memorized by his followers. Muslims still
  consider the Quran as the spoken word of God to
  the Arabs, it can not be translated into any
  other language.

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Muhammads Hijrah to Yathrib

• Muhammad taught the polytheist Arabians to
  abandon their practice of worshipping many gods
  and only worship, Allah, the Arab god of
  creation. His teachings of redistributing wealth
  among everyone equally did not sit well with
  wealthy merchants. After loosing protection from
  his clan, Muhammad was forced to move to Yathrib,
  renamed Madinah, which means, city of the
  prophet.
• The people of Madinah welcomed Muhammad as their
  new leader and begin the new Muslim calendar in
  the year A.D. 622 is their year 1. What year is
  it in the Muslim calendar now?

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• Up to this time, all of Muhammads revelations
  had been centered around the individuals
  relationship with Allah. When he became a
  political threat to the old Arabic ways, his
  revelations became more politically/military
  minded. He set up an Islamic state, a government
  that uses its political powers to uphold Islam,
  which continues to this day. Followers of Islam
  become known as Muslims.
• To defend his new govt. Muhammad built an army.
  After capturing Mecca in 630, he made it a holy
  city of Islam.

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What is the Quran?

• The one common factor Jews, Christians and
  Muslims have is the belief in one God. All 3 are
  monotheist religions.
• The Quran is the holy book of Islam. Believed to
  be handed down from God to Gabriel to Muhammad.
  Revelations were written down and memorized as
  Muhammad stated he was experiencing messages from
  God. Islam teaches man had distorted religion,
  therefore Islam is the only true religion. Jewish
  and Christian beliefs were superseded when
  Muhammad received his revelations.

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• The Five Pillars of Islam are acts of worship all
  Muslims must fulfill. 1. Belief in one God,
  Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet, 2. Muslims
  must pray 5 times a day, facing Mecca. 3. Muslims
  must give to the poor. 4. Muslims must fast
  during Ramadan (based on the lunar calendar), 5.
  Muslims must make one pilgrimage to Mecca once in
  their life.

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• Video Millions Perform Hajj in Mecca

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Islamic Empires, section 2

• Following Muhammads death in 632, problems arose
  about succession. Caliphs, which means, successor
  to the Messenger of God, were named to continue
  Muhammads teachings.

• The Rightly Guided Caliphs were the first four
  caliphs to rule who obeyed Islams teachings.
  Today they make up the Shiites sect of Islam.
• During the next 120 years Islam spread to include
  all of southwest Asia, northern Africa, Spain and
  some of Italy, Greece and India.

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• Another sect of Islam are the Sunni who believe
  anyone can rule, doesnt have to be a blood
  descendent of Muhammad. Ruled during the Umayyad
  caliphs from 661-750.

• According to the CIA factbook, Iraq has Muslim
  97 (Shi'a 60-65, Sunni 32-37).
• Iran has Muslim 98 (Shi'a 89, Sunni 9).
• Shia more radical and militant of the two groups.

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• Today, Indonesia includes more Muslims than any
  other nation in the world.
• 234,693,997 (July 2007 est.)
• 86 are Muslim
• 201,836,837 Muslims in Indonesia

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• 1300s Arab merchants crossed the Sahara to trade
  with kingdoms in West Africa. The west African
  city of Timbuktu became a leading center of
  Muslim learning.
• Why do you think Islam attracted so many people,
  so quickly?

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• While many Muslims lived in or near cities for
  trading purposes, most Muslims lived in villages
  farming the lands.

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• As far back as 750, Sunnis and Shia have grappled
  for political power. The Shia overthrew the Sunni
  Umayyad dynasty b/c the Persian Muslims thought
  the Arab Muslims were favored in jobs and paid
  less taxes and also the question of who had the
  right to rule.
• Abbasid dynasty built a new capital in Baghdad,
  which helped trade prosper. They devoted their
  energies to scholarship and the arts as well.

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The Arab Empire Ends

• Even though the Seljuk Turks ruled the Abbasid
  dynasty politically from 1055, the caliph
  remained its religious leader.

• 1200s Mongols begin invading from Central Asia.
  1258, conquer and burn Baghdad to the ground.

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Other Muslim Empires

• The Arabs built the first Muslim empire.
• One of the largest and most powerful Muslim
  empires was the Ottoman Empire. Originates in
  present day Turkey in 1299, and continued until
  11/1/1922.
• 1520-1566-Suleiman I was most famous sultan
  during the Ottoman Empire.

• Named after Solomon, who Muslims admire as a just
  ruler, he lived up to his name with conquests all
  the way to central Europe. He also combined civil
  laws (property ownership, taxation, price
  regulation) with Islamic law.

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• Another Muslim Empire grew during the 1500s in
  India.
• Moguls were Muslim warriors who came from the
  mountains north of India and conquered
  territories with cannons, guns, elephants and
  horses.
• Greatest Mogul ruler was Akbar, known for his
  religious tolerance, forbidding forced suttee and
  abolishing slavery.
• Considered the Suleiman I of his day b/c of his
  acquisition of new territories and reform of law
  code.

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• As seen with other empires, when Akbar dies, the
  empire begins to decline. Later rulers are
  spending too much money trying to expand the
  empire, then impose higher taxes on the people.
  Others tried to force Hindus to convert to Islam.
  These policies led to rebellions and parts of the
  empire break away.
• Eventually, Great Britain takes control of most
  of India.

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Muslim Ways of Life, section 3

• Up to the age of exploration, Muslims were the
  worlds leading traders b/c of location.
• Trade routes over land were from Baghdad and
  China, over seas their ships carried spices,
  cloth, glass and carpets from India and Southeast
  Asia and brought back rubies, gold, ivory and
  slaves. Once the Europeans found new ways to
  bypass the Muslim traders, their economy started
  sliding downward. How does this compare to the
  oil crisis of today?

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Muslim Cities

• Muslim cities look very much like cities in
  Europe in that there were houses of worship
  called, mosques, and marketplaces called,
  bazaars.

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Muslim Social Structure
Look familiar?
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Muslim Achievements

• Muslims invented algebra, borrowed the numerals
  0-9 from Hindu scholars in India, later become
  known as Arabic numerals.
• Perfected the Greek astrolabe for sailors to
  determine their location at sea. Also used to
  measure around the Earth, realized the Earth is
  round.
• Arab doctors were the 1st to discover how blood
  circulates and how diseases are spread.

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• Muslim art does not show images for fear the
  observer would worship the image and not Allah.
• The minarets around a mosque sound the time for
  Muslims to bow toward Mecca and pray.
• Taj Mahal in Agra, India is a tomb that was built
  in 1629 for the Mogul rulers wife is made of
  marble and precious stones.

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• The End!!!!!