Title: High-level goals and low-level systems: how can computers help solving complex problems? Piek Vossen and Roxane Segers VU University Amsterdam KYOTO (ICT-211423) Yielding Ontologies for Transition-Based Organization FP7: Intelligent Content and
1High-level goals and low-level systems how can
computers help solving complex problems?Piek
Vossen and Roxane SegersVU University
AmsterdamKYOTO (ICT-211423)Yielding Ontologies
for Transition-Based OrganizationFP7
Intelligent Content and Semantics
http//www.kyoto-project.eu/1st Kyoto workshop
Environmental Knowledge Transition and
ExchangeFebruary, 2-3, 2009, Artis Amsterdam
2Overview
- 1. analysis of the user questions
- (provided by ECNC and WWF)
- a. clear cases
- b. unclear cases and possible solutions
- 2. Concepts and relations
- 3. Discussion how to use knowledge discovery to
answer complex questions
3Analysis of the user questions
-
- ?Total of 330 questions from WWF and ECNC.
- ? Analysis of question type (what, where, who,
when, how etc). - ? Words that express the relation that is asked
for
4Classification of questions
- Finding Definitions, e.g.
- What are the drivers?
- What are ecosystem services?
- Pin-Pointing Sources
- Where are biodiversity hotspots?
- Who is an expert on biodiversity?
- Information Retrieval, e.g.
- What is the current status of a specie?
- What are the most recent countings of a certain
specie? - Examples (of best practices), e.g.
- Best practices of resource management in poor
area's? - Are there examples of nature conservation and
poverty elivation? - What are good examples of E.S.?
- High level questions, e.g.
- What are the key biodiversity indicators in a
certain area? - What is the effect of climate change and species
diversity? - What is the impact of declining bee populations
on agricultural productivity? - Which rare and threatened species/ecosystems are
people most dependent on for economic benefits?
5Baseline retrieval results 30 high-level
questions,
Result Rank CONFIRMED CONFIRMED DISAPPROVED DISAPPROVED UNDECIDED UNDECIDED Total Total
0 13 20.31 27 20.30 10 15.87 50 19.23
1 6 9.38 9 6.77 9 14.29 24 9.23
2 8 12.50 13 9.77 7 11.11 28 10.77
3 5 7.81 6 4.51 3 4.76 14 5.38
4 8 12.50 6 4.51 2 3.17 16 6.15
5 2 3.13 7 5.26 3 4.76 12 4.62
6 2 3.13 6 4.51 4 6.35 12 4.62
7 2 3.13 2 1.50 1 1.59 5 1.92
8 4 6.25 3 2.26 1 1.59 8 3.08
9 1 1.56 5 3.76 0 0.00 6 2.31
-1 13 20.31 49 36.84 23 36.51 85 32.69
Total 64 24.62 133 51.15 63 24.23 260
6Some numbers
- Example of question analysis
- What is the effect of poverty on biodiversity?
causes - How can sustainable financing influence
livelihood? causes - What is 41.2
- How 23.9
- What/Which 16.9
- Auxiliary verbs 9.3
- Where 3.9
- Why 1.2
- When 0.6
- Who 0.6
7Some overall remarks
- Relative frequent relation words express causes,
increases, purposes and threats. - ? Almost no variation in how these relation
words are expressed in the questions. - causes effect, impact, influence, affect
- increases improve, increase, enhance
- purposes role, function, point
- threats threat
8What is/are questions (41.2)
- ? What is/are (a/the) NPterm ? definition
(20) - What is biodiversity?
- What are rural products?
- ? What is/are the
- most frequent
- What is the state of x
- What is the role of x
- What is the relation between x and y
- What is the impact/effect/influence of x on y
- What is the state of farmland birds in Europe?
- What is the impact of declining bee populations
on agricultural productivity? - What are the effects of biodiversity on human
health? - Variant exist
- What policy instruments and legislation exist to
conserve biodiversity?
9How questions (23.0)
-
- ? How degree/measure (11/79)
- How many NP
- How many species have become extinct in Europe
since 1950? (number) - How much VP (finance)
- How much can I economise on pest control by
applying AFB? (percentage) - How adjective
- How big is the problem of Illegal Unreported
Unregulated Fishing? (gradable) - ? How manner ( 69/79)
- How to/how can I verb
- How can I create a green roof?
- How to involve stakeholders in the designation
of ecological networks? - How can NP relational verb NP
- How can cooperation with the local community
help to improve livelihood? - How do NP relational verb NP
- How does climate change affect species
migration?
10Which/what questions (16.9)
- which/what noun
- Without exception questions that will be answered
with a list of items - Which species use stepping stones? ?
(list of species) - Which countries in Europe have a coordinated
monitoring programme? ? (list of countries) - What loans are available for my pro biodiversity
business? ? (list of available loans) - What projects relate to the science policy
interface? ? (list of projects)
11Questions starting with auxiliairy verbs (9.3)
- Without exception yes/no questions
- real yes/no questions
- Is there any BB in Cumbria?
- Does the European investment bank have a pro
biodiversity business programme? - false yes/no questions
- Are there any examples of business and
biodiversity indicators? ? list of examples - Is the creation of protected areas an effective
way to ensure ecological connectivity? ? arguments
12Where questions (3.9)
- Where can I find/see (10/14) ? questions about
where certain information can be found - Where can I find information about starting an
ecotourism business? - Where can I see maps of red list species?
- Where are ? location (4/14)
- Where are the eco-ducts located in Europe?
13Difficult causal relations (no search results)
- What is the impact of dogs on wildlife?
- Canine x Process (spreading disease, hunting?)
- Organism x Process (decreasing?)
- What is the effect of hedgerows on air quality?
- Artefact x Process
- Attribute x Process (Pollution?)
14Association
- What is the effect of hedgerows on air quality?
HEDGEROW
AIR QUALITY
soil erosion
wildlife corridor
air pollution
aerosols
biodiversity
biodiversity
aerosols
15Decomposition of a high level question
hedgerows
air quality
capture, interception
role
aerosols
airborne particles
hyponym
hyponym
dust
smog
aerosols
16What does it take?
- Extract all events and properties involving
hedgerows ? direct relations, causal chains,
roles, etc. - Extract all events and properties involving air
quality ? direct relations, causal chains, roles,
etc - Do the same for any synonyms, hyponyms
co-hyponyms, or hyperonyms - Extract dates and locations for events and
properties - Try to intersect and quantify the results
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22Small preliminary domain model
- Are there huge negative effects with regard to
eco-networks and alien invasive species?
eco-network
Area
core area
breeding pond
buffer area
area connector
migration corridor commuting corridor dispersal
corridor
stepping stone
corridor
Cultural hedgerow canal stonewall
Natural watercourses rivers coastlines
bird migration corridor terrestrial dispersal
corridor
23Versions of KYOTO
- KYOTO-1
- extract all countings of species populations in
regions for dates and periods - KYOTO-2
- changes in numbers of species and sizes of
populations, temporal relations and causal
relations - KYOTO-3
- to be determined....