Chapter: 02 Personal and Organizational Ethics: Reshaping personal and professional life: Ahsan-ul Haq Shaikh

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Chapter 02Personal and Organizational
EthicsReshaping personal and professional
lifeAhsan-ul Haq Shaikh
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Levels at Which Ethical Issues May Be Addressed

• Personal levelsituations faced in personal life.
• Organizational levelworkplace situations faced
  as manager or an employee

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Personal and Managerial Ethics
A framework PhilosophicalEthical Considerations

• Utilitarianism
• Rights
• Rawls Justice theory

• Caring
• Virtue ethics
• Servant leadership
• Golden Rule

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Personal and Managerial Ethics

• Principle of Utilitarianism
• focuses on an act that produces the greatest
  ratio of good to evil for everyone.
• Consideration long term and long ranged benefit
  and welfare of the society as whole.

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Utilitarianism

• (also utilism) is the idea that the moral worth
  of an action is determined solely by its utility
  in providing happiness or pleasure as summed
  among all conscious beings.
• It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning
  that the moral worth of an action is determined
  by its outcome.
• The most influential contributors to this
  ideology were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

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Utilitarianism

• Utilitarianism is often described by the phrase
  "the greatest good for the greatest number of
  people", and is also known as "the greatest
  happiness principle".
• Utility, the good to be maximized, has been
  defined by various thinkers as happiness or
  pleasure (versus suffering or pain), although
  preference utilitarian define it as the
  satisfaction of preferences.
• It may be described as a life stance, with
  happiness or pleasure being of ultimate
  importance.

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Utilitarianism

• Utilitarianism can be characterized as a
  quantitative approach to ethics.
• It can be contrasted with deontological ethics
  (which do not regard the consequences of an act
  as being a determinant of its moral worth) and
  virtue ethics (which focuses on character),
• as well as with other varieties of
  consequentialism.

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Utilitarianism

• In general usage, the term utilitarian refers to
  a somewhat narrow economic or pragmatic
  viewpoint.
• Philosophical utilitarianism, however, is a much
  broader view that encompasses all aspects of
  people's lives.

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Personal and Managerial Ethics

• Principle of Rights
• focuses on examining and possibly protecting
  individual moral or legal rights.
• Organization's ethical
• codes,
• policies,
• rules and acts
• always formulated on considering individuals
  rights.
• Right to have save for Life Property

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Personal and Managerial Ethics

• Principle of justice
• involves in view of what alternative promotes
  fair treatment of people.
• Code of conduct applicable for all concerned
• Policy is not biased on any ground
• Rules and regulations are for all.
• No discrimination on the basis of religion,
  ethnic background, culture, caste, language,
  gender
• etc
• Result Espirite de corps.profitable
  organization

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Personal and Managerial Ethics

• Rawls Justice A philosophical and moral
• guidance.
• Each person has an equal right to the most basic
  liberties comparable with similar liberties for
  others.

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A Theory of Justice (Rawls Justice)

• Is a widely-read book of political philosophy and
  ethics by John Rawls.
• It was originally published in 1971 and revised
  in both 1975 (for the translated editions) and
  1999.

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..

• The resultant theory is known as "Justice as
  Fairness.

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Personal and Managerial Ethics

• Principle of caring
• focuses on a person as a relational
  (cooperative) and not as an physical
  entitycontribution for the welfare of the
  society.
• (Feminist theory)

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Virtue ethics

• Every good deed has the profit and every evil
  deed has contrast impact.

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Personal and Managerial Ethics

• Servant leadership
• focuses on serving others first such as
  employees, customers, community and so on.

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Servant leadership

• is a philosophy and practice of leadership,
  coined and defined by Robert Greenleaf and
  supported by many leadership and management
  writers such as
• James Autry,
• Ken Blanchard,
• Stephen Covey,
• Peter Block,
• Peter Senge,
• Max DePree,
• Larry Spears,
• Margaret Wheatley, and others

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Servant leadership

• Servant-leaders achieve results for their
  organizations by giving priority attention to the
  needs of their colleagues and those they serve.
• Servant-leaders are often seen as humble stewards
  of their organization's resources (human,
  financial and physical).

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Aspects of being a servant leader

• In order to be a servant leader, one needs the
  following qualities
• listening,
• empathy,
• healing,
• awareness,
• persuasion,
• conceptualization,
• foresight,
• stewardship,
• growth and building community.
• Acquiring these qualities tend to give a person
  authority versus power.

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Personal and Managerial Ethics
Characteristics of Servant Leaders Concepts
Skills

• Foresight
• Conceptualization
• Commitment to the growth of people
• Stewardship
• Building community

• Listening
• Empathy
• Healing
• Persuasion
• Awareness

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Personal and Managerial Ethics

• Golden Rule
• focuses on the premise that you should deal
  others as you want to be treated.

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The Golden Rule

• The Parable of the Good Samaritan. Other
  religions and Humanism also teach the golden
  rule.
• The Golden Rule or ethic of reciprocity is an
  ethical code, or a morality, that states (in four
  forms)

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The Golden Rule

• 1. One should treat others according to how one
  would like others to treat them (positive,
  passive form).
• 2. Treat others as you would like to be treated
  (positive, active form).
• 3. One should not treat others in ways one would
  not like to be treated (prohibitive, passive
  form).
• 4. Do not treat others in ways you would not like
  to be treated (prohibitive, active form. Also
  called the Silver Rule)

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The Golden Rule

• The Golden Rule has a long history, and a great
  number of prominent religious figures and
  philosophers have restated the above four forms
  of the Rule in various ways.

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The Golden Rule

• The Golden Rule is arguably the most essential
  basis for the modern concept of human rights, in
  which each individual has a right to just
  treatment, and a responsibility to ensure justice
  for others.

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Rights

• are legal, social, or ethical principles of
  freedom or entitlement
• i.e. rights are normative rules about what is
  allowed of people or owed to people, according to
  some legal system, social convention, or ethical
  theory.
• The concept of rights is often fundamental to
  civilized societies, and it is of vital
  importance in such disciplines as law and ethics,
  especially theories of justice and deontology.

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Personal and Managerial Ethics

• Concerns to be Addressed in Ethical Conflicts
• Obligations
• Ideals (standards/normsmoral)
• Effects..functions/consequences

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Personal and Managerial Ethics

• When Our Obligations, Ideals and Effects
  Conflicts
• When two or more moral obligations conflict, use
  the stronger one
• When two or more ideals conflict, or when ideals
  conflict with obligations, honor the more
  important one
• When effects are mixed, choose the action that
  produces the greatest good and the least harm

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Managing Organizational Ethics

Factors Affecting the Morality of Managers
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Managing Organizational Ethics

• Factors Influencing Unethical Behavior
• Behavior of superiors
• Ethical practices of ones industry or profession
• Behavior of ones peers in the organization
• Formal organizational policy

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Managing Organizational Ethics
Questionable Behaviors of Superiors or Peers

• Immoral decision making
• Unethical acts, behaviors or practices
• Absence of ethical leadership

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Managing Organizational Ethics
Questionable Behaviors of Superiors or Peers

• overemphasizing profits
• Insensitivity toward how subordinates perceive
  pressure to meet goals
• Inadequate formal ethics policies

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Improving Ethical Climate

Ethics Programs Officers
Ethics Audit
Effective Communication
Realistic Objectives
Top Management Leadership
Ethics Training
Ethical Decision-making Processes
Codes of Conduct
Whistle-blowing
Discipline
Codes of Conduct
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Ethical Decision-Making

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From Moral Decisions to Moral Organizations.
Moral Decision(s) Moral Manager(s) Moral
Organizationwelfare of the concerned
stakeholders