The Nervous System

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The Nervous System

• Jacqueline Immello, Stephanie Pantano, Shaakira
  Parker and Anthony Patti

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What is the nervous system?

• The nervous systems main role is controlling and
  communicating. This system is where all mental
  activity takes place.
• It works with the endocrine system in order to
  regulate and keep homeostasis.
• Often referred to as the bodys control center.

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• The nervous system is made up of the brain,
  spinal cord, and nerves that are located
  throughout the body.

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The Central Nervous System

• The central nervous system contains the brain and
  the spinal cord.

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The Brain (Encephalon)

• The brain controls everything the body does
• It is the center of the nervous system

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• Forebrain - Cerebrum
• Largest portion o the brain (85)
• Controls voluntary muscle movement
• The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain
  responsible for intellectual functions such as
  thinking, reasoning, and storing short and long
  term memory

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• Midbrain
• Connects higher and lower brain functions
• Body movement
• Contains the pleasure center which has to do with
  the development of addictive behaviors

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• Hindbrain
• Cerebellum
• controls balance, coordination and movement
• Brain Stem
• Connection between the brain and the spinal chord
• Controls the involuntary muscle movement like
  breathing, digestion, circulation, etc.
• Also sorts messages that are sent to the brain

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The Spinal Cord (Medulla Spinalis)

• The spinal chord, which is made up of nervous
  tissue and support cells, runs down the middle of
  the back from the brain to the coccyx (or
  tailbone)
• Protected by cerebral spinal fluid and the
  vertebra.

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• There are 31 pairs of nerves arranged along the
  spinal cord.
• The spinal cord is made up of nerve fibers which
  transfer messages to parts
• of the body and the brain
• Motor signals travel down the cord
• Sensory signals travel upwards

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Peripheral Nervous System

• The peripheral nervous system extends out of the
  central nervous system with nerves.

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Neurons

• Any of the impulse-conducting cells that
  constitute the brain, spinal column, and nerves.
• Also known as nerve cells.
• Function in receiving and transmitting signals
  along the aforementioned structures.

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Structure of Neurons

• Dendrites- highly branched extensions that
  receive signals from other neurons.
• Axons- extensions which are much longer than
  dendrites. Transmit signals to other cells. The
  cells that receive these signals may be neurons
  or effector cells (muscle or endocrine cells).
• Mycelin Sheath- covers an axon for insulation of
  electrical current. Consists of Schwann cells.

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• Synaptic Terminals- located at branched ends of
  the axon.
• Synapse- site of communication between a synaptic
  terminal and another cell.
• Presynaptic and Postsynaptic neurons- The
  transmitting and receiving neurons.

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Neuron Structure and Communication
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Synapse

• Neurotransmitter (a substance contained in the
  synapse) binds to and opens gated ion channels
  (labeled receptors).
• Na and K then diffuse through the channel.

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Neuron Function in Information Processing

• 3 stages of information processing sensory
  input, integration, and motor output.
• Sensory Input Sensory Neurons - transmit
  information from sensors that detect external
  stimuli and internal conditions.
• Integration Interneurons - integrate (analyze
  and interpret) sensory input.
• Motor Output Motor Neurons communicate with
  effector cells. Produce reflexes (automatic
  responses to stimuli) in the simplest circuits.

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Peripheral Nervous System

• This system is further divided into the somatic
  and autonomic nervous systems.

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Somatic Nervous System

• Reception of an outside influence
• - touch, hearing, sight
• Voluntary control of the body movements through
  skeletal muscle
• When stimulated, the response of the nerves is
  the response arc

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Autonomic Nervous System

• Regulates the involuntary organs within our body
  such as the heart and stomach, muscles, and
  glands.
• Important in emergencies when undergoing stress
  and also in regular situations like digestion and
  rest.
• Can be subcategorized into the sympathetic,
  parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems

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Sympathetic Nervous System

• "Fight or Flight" responses in the face of danger
• Blood pressure increases, your heart beats
  faster, and digestion slows down.
• In the sympathetic nervous system the synapse,
  ganglion uses acetylcholine as a
  neurotransmitter.
• The synapse of the post-ganglionic neuron with
  the target organ uses the neurotransmitter
  norepinephrine.

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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System

• "Rest and Digest" responses
• Blood pressure decreases, the heart beats slower,
  and digestion can start
• This synapse uses the neurotransmitter called
  acetylcholine.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Enteric Nervous System

• sends and receives impulses, records experiences
  and respond to emotions.
• located in the tissue lining the esophagus,
  stomach, small intestine and colon.
• the neural crest is formed in the early stages of
  the embryo.
• One section turns into the central nervous
  system.
• Another piece migrates to become the enteric
  nervous system.

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Activities
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• Label parts 1-3 and list their function in the
  nervous system
• List the names
• of the sections
• highlighted
• in red, blue,
• and green

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Central Nervous System Crossword
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Peripheral Nervous System

• Fill in the Blanks

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Word Box

• cranial nerves
• voluntary
• peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• central nervous system (CNS)
• spinal nerves
• peristalsis
• homeostasis
• neurotransmitter
• somatic nervous system

• enteric division
• parasympathetic division
• voluntary
• involuntary
• internal
• sympathetic division
• postganglionic
• preganglionic
• autonomic nervous system

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• The 1 is involved in
  regulating a vertebrates movement and internal
  environment. The PNS sends information to and
  from the ____2__ . The 3
  , which starts in the brain and ends in the
  head and upper body, and the 4 , which come
  from the spinal cord and branch to parts of the
  body below the head, are the left and right parts
  of the peripheral nervous system. They both have
  sensory and motor neurons. The PNS is divided
  into two systems that help to maintain 5 .

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• The 6 transmits signals to and from the
  skeletal muscles and is 7 because it is
  consciously controlled by the reflexes. The other
  system is the 8 . It controls smooth and
  cardiac muscles, and the organs of the digestive,
  cardiovascular, excretory, and endocrine systems,
  which helps to regulate the 9 environment. The
  autonomic nervous system has 10 control. It is
  divided into three parts.

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• The 11 has to do with a flight or
  fight response or the arousal and energy
  generation. It performs actions such as
  stimulating glucose release from the liver,
  relaxing bronchi in lungs, accelerating the
  heart, etc. Another division is the 12 , which
  is the rest and digest because it causes
  responses of calm and a return to self
  maintenance functions. This division performs
  actions such as the slowing of the heart,
  promoting emptying of bladder, stimulating
  activities of the stomach and intestines, etc.

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• Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic
  divisions have 13 . They are released by
  14 and 15 neurons. Acetylcholine and
  norepinephrine are two types of
  neurotransmitters. The last division is called
  the 16 , which consist of neurons in the
  digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder that
  control the organs secretions and activities in
  the smooth muscles that produce 17 . This
  division is regulated sympathetic and
  parasympathetic divisions.

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Answer Key
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Brain Activity answers

• Cerebrum voluntary muscle movement, thinking,
  reasoning, and storing short and long term memory
  
• 2. Cerebellum - controls balance, coordination
  and movement
• Brain Stem - sorts messages that are sent to the
  brain and controls involuntary muscle movement
• Red - Forebrain
• Blue - Midbrain
• Green - Hindbrain

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Crossword Answers
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Fill in the Blank Answers

• 1. Peripheral Nervous System
• 2. Central Nervous System
• 3. cranial nerves
• 4. spinal nerves
• 5. homeostasis
• 6. Somatic Nervous System
• 7. voluntary
• 8. Autonomic Nervous System

• 9. internal
• 10. involuntary
• 11. sympathetic division
• 12. parasympathetic
• 13. neurotransmitters
• 14. preganglionic
• 15. postganglionic
• 16. enteric division
• 17. peristalsis

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Websites

• http//faculty.washington.edu/chudler/auto.html
• http//www.apparelyzed.com/spinalcord.html
• http//kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/brain.html
• http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
  BioBookNERV.html
• http//www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html

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• http//yucky.discovery.com/flash/body/pg000136.htm
  l
• http//www.psyking.net/id36.htm