WHY study music? 1. Musician 2. Advertising 3. Presentations at work or party 4. Knowledge to impress co-workers 5.putting on a profession show 6. arts separate us as a species (for enjoyments sake)

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WHY study music? 1. Musician 2.
Advertising 3. Presentations at work or party
4. Knowledge to impress co-workers 5.putting on
a profession show 6. arts separate us as a
species (for enjoyments sake)
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What is Music? Organized sound in
time? Performance was only media today blessed
with high quality recordings and playback mobile
devices plus unprecedented access to all kinds of
music. What is Sound? Vibrations interpreted by
Brain into anything you hear
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• FOUR MAIN properties of sound
• Pitch
• Dynamics
• Tone Color
• Rhythm (time)

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• PITCH highness or lowness of defiant vibrations
  (frequency of sound waves) tones (440 cycles per
  second)distance between two tones is interval (
  i.e. 440 to 460)tones that are doubled or half
  are called octave (i.e 220 to 440 to 880)In
  western music octave is divided into twelve tones
  Non-western can have more.Definite pitch (piano,
  guitar, trumpets, keyboards) Vs. Indefinite
  (drums, percussive)

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• DYNAMICS degrees of loudness and softness
  (amplitude)
• accent play one or few notes differently than
  those around it
• dynamic markings pp(pianissimo) ,p (piano) ,mp
  (mezzo piano),mf (mezzo forte),f (forte),ff
  (fortissimo)
• crescendo decrescendo
• TONE COLOR timbre bright, dark, brilliant,
  mellow, rich, ect
• By combining instruments, using different ways to
  play them and with todays electronics almost and
  infinite amount of tone colors available.

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• Rhythm (time)
• How fast or slow (tempo) (BPM)
• Number of beats in a measure
• Feels (laidback, on top,ect..)
• All instruments or vocalist play time

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• HOW VOCALS RELATE TO PITCH/ DYNAMICS/ TONE COLOR/
  RHYTHM
• pitch octaves (12 notes on piano)
• VOICES Singing styles use all 4 or some of the
  properties of music plus introduces
  words and story telling.
• Pitch Range of vocal pro singers can get up to 2
  octaves (octave is doubled same pitch freq 220hz
  440hz 880hz ect.)
• larger vocal chords make larger sine wavs (lower
  pitch) four basic ranges SOPRANO, ALTO, TENOR,
  BASS

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• Methods of singing or singing style differ with
  how singer uses the four types of sound
  lyrically content.
• Examples Opera uses wide pitch range, tone
  color of singer?, lots of dynamics, and varying
  rhythms
• JAZZ good pitch range but less than Opera /
  dynamics Big/ rhythm varies but less, goes with
  the groove/
• Rock / Pop usually uses less pitch range, tone
  color of singer, some dynamics, less rhythmic
  variations
• Hip Hop / Rap usually uses almost no pitch
  range , tone color of singer, less dynamics,
  relies heavily on rhythm

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Performance mediaINSTRUMENTS
mechanism other than a voice that produces
musical sounds. (single note or multi)CLASSES
OF INSTRUMENTS 1 WOODWIND 2 BRASS
3PERCUSSION 4 STRING 5 KEYBOARD 6 ELECTRONIC

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Different class of types sometimes have
Soprano, Alto Tenor Bass (Baritone or Contra)
subclasses determined by pitch
Advantages/ differences to voices wider
range, faster, more tone color options, larger
dynamic range, sometimes easier to produce tones
than singing, can be organized into multiple
different groups to produce varying types of
sound combinations.
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• WOODWINDS
• traditional made out of wood
• produce sound with air columns that have holes
  that are covered or uncovered to change length of
  air column.
• produces only one note at a time.

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• Flute family
• (flute, piccolo, recorder-NO reed)
• Clarinet Family
• (clarinet saxophone single reed)
• Saxophones- Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bari
• Oboe Family
• (oboe, English horn -double reed)
• Bassoon Family
• (bassoon, contrabassoon double reed)

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• BRASS
• Four Main instruments are
• Trumpet
• Trombone
• French Horn
• Tuba

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• blowing into cup of funnel shaped mouth piece ,
  vibrations come from players lips not a reed.
• tone is then colored in the flared end called the
  BELL.
• pitch is controlled by varying lip tension and by
  values and slides to change the length of the
  tube (sometimes hand on a French horn).
• tone color can be altered by using a mute (made
  of wood, plastic, or metal) on or in the bell
• single note instruments

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• THE RHYTHM SECTION
• Drum-set
• Percussion
• Bass (Stringed)
• The Guitar (Stringed)
• Keyboards

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• THE DRUMSET (Indefinite Pitch)
• Bass drum
• Snare
• Tom Toms
• Rack Toms
• Floor Toms
• Cymbals
• Rides Crash
• Hi Hats

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• Percussion
• Indefinite Pitch
• Tambourines
• Shakers
• Cowbells
• Definite Pitch
• Chimes
• Vibes

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• BASS (definite pitch /low range)
• Electric
• Fretless electric
• Acoustic upright
• Arco technique

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• Guitar (Definite Pitch / Mid range)
• Acoustic
• Arch Top
• Electric

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• Keyboard (Definite Pitch / Full Range)
• The Piano (88 Keys)
• The Organ
• Fender Rhodes
• Analog Synthesizer
• Digital Synthesizer
• THE COMPUTER (analog and digital looping)

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• ANALOG TAPE STUDIO
• recorded sound was manipulated by slowing and
  speeding tape cutting or splicing tape
• length of looped tape could be timed to give
  rhythmic feel

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• COMPUTERS
• with use of MIDI (code that allows digital
  instruments and computers to talk to one another)
  computers can now not only record music but be
  part of the creation process.
• with programs you can control sound , change
  sound, fix sound. (GOOD vs. BAD)
• I.E. fixing singers pitch, rhythm, same with any
  instrument but can create sounds and rhythms that
  are physically impossible to do live.

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CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS 1 WOODWIND 2
BRASS 3PERCUSSION 4 STRING 5 KEYBOARD 6
ELECTRONIC THE RHYTHM SECTIONDrum-set
PercussionBass (Stringed)The Guitar
(Stringed)Keyboards
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• STANDARD OR COMMMON
• GROUPS ENESEMBLES
• TONE COLOR MIX
• RANGE COMPLIMENTS
• DYNAMIC COMPLIMENTS
• ROLE PLAYING (Harmony /Melody/Rhythm ect..)

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• Typical Pop/Rock Band
• Drums TIME/RHYTHM/FEEL
• Bass TIME ROOT NOTES
• Guitar TIME CHORDS LEADS
• Keys CHORDS EFFECT
• Vocals LEAD MELODY
• HORNS LEADS EFFECTS

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• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1
• FINDING LOCAL STL MUSICIANS VENUES

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• MUSICAL NOTATION
• (writing reading music)
• RHYTHMIC NOTATION
• MELODIC NOTATION

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• RHYTHM
• Beat or Pulsewhere is it felt?
• Examples?
• Measured in BPM (beats per minute)
• Speed referred to as TEMPO (how fast how slow)

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• TEMPOS
• Pop/Rock/Jazz/Hip Hop
• usually steady
• Classical / Orchestral
• tempos can vary inside the piece

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• Italian tempo markings on p. 32
• (know at least a couple of these!)
• Largo very slow, broad
• Grave very slow, solemn
• Adagio slow
• Andante moderately slow, walking pace
• Moderato moderate
• Allegretto moderately fast
• Allegro fast
• Vivace lively
• Presto very fast
• Prestissimo as fast as possible

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• Meter ( 2 ,3, 4, 6,7, ect..)
• (duple, triple, quadruple, sextuple, ect)
• Dynamic accent to emphasize a note in the
  rhythm
• Syncopation when the accented note is between
  beats or where you wouldnt normally expect it

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• Rhythm notation
• Time Signatures ¾ 4/4 6/8
• pulse 3 or 4 (the 4/4 measure most common)

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• Rhythm notation
• stems and flags
• whole notes thru 16th notes equal too how many
  16ths in 4/4 measure

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• Rhythm notation
• dotted notes ( 1 ½ value)
• rest and dotted rest
• ties / triplets (3 over 2)

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MELODIC NOTATIONThe KEYBOARD-keyboard has
most of the available notes or range of all
traditional instruments-keyboard is used as
basis and most musicians also play a little piano
as wellstaff related to notes on keyboard-
C
ƒ
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The KEYBOARDCHROMATIC SCALE all 12 tones
from octave to octaveWhole steps 2 movements
in the chromatic scaleHalf steps 1 movement
in the chromatic scale-
C
ƒ
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• MELODIC NOTATION
• The Grand Staff
• TREBLE BASS CLEFS
• Every Good Boy Does Fine /FACE Treble
• Good Boys Do Fine Always / All Cows Eat Grass
  -Bass

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SCALES KEYS
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Single Note MELODY LINE

• CLEF (Treble or Bass)
• Key Signature
• Time Signature
• NOTES and ACCIDENTALS

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CHORDS

• CHORD SYMBOLS

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PIANO MUSICMelody in the right hand Single
notesHarmony in the left hand - Chords

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THE SCORE

• Individual parts
• The conductors Score
• Lead Sheets

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(No Transcript)
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THE LEAD SHEET
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HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 2Notation identification
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• MELODY
• Melody usually single note phrases that is the
  LEAD of the piece
• single notes that add to a recognizable whole

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• A MELODY HAS
• START / MIDDLE / END
• DIRECTION / SHAPE / CONTINUITY
• UP DOWN

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• A MELODY HAS
• TENSION RELEASE
• EXPECTION ARRIVAL
• MOVING IN STEPS or LEAPS

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• A MELODY HAS
• RANGE highest lowest notes used in the melody
  (highest often called the CLIMAX)

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Time Rhythm are very important can make
melody unrecognizable
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Legato vs. Staccato Phrases Sequence Incomplet
e Cadence vs. Complete Cadence
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• THEMES
• Re-occuring Elements
• Pitches
• Rhythms
• Melodic shapes
• Tone Colors
• Associations

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• HARMONY
• To accompany with chords or other, related to the
  Main Melody but separate.
• The Backround usually
• Usually composed second
• Multiple melodies can be imposed over same
  harmony
• Harmony can be changed around original Melody

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• HARMONY
• HARMONY chords (more than 1 note at a time)
• how they are constructed
• Progressions (how they follow 1 another)

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• Melody usually written 1st dictates harmony
  will be
• harmony can move change against melody to
  create new textures
• Basic Chord vocab. Has remained constant for
  hundreds of years, but new chord constructs do
  appear now then.

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• CONSONANCE vs. DISSONANCE
• Consonance points of arrival, rest, resolution,
  they sound finished
• Dissonance create tension, onward motion
  towards consonance, considered active
• harshness of dissonant chords is relative to time
  periods

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• THE TRIAD
• most common type of chords most basic made of
  only 3 different tones
• other chords can have 4, 5, 6, and more different
  notes.
• notated as Root , 3rd, 5th, stacking on staff
• 4 basic TRIADS / MAJ, MIN, DIM, AUG

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• BROKEN CHORDS (Arpeggios)
• playing of chords (triads) as individual notes in
  sequence instead of all at the same time.

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• KEYS
• Most melody and harmony are built around key
  centers (scales)
• Chromatic scale all 12 tones of western octave
  (movement on keyboard)
• Key signatures ( sharps and flats to add or take
  away)

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--MAJOR KEYSC major scale (white keys /
tetra chord steps in chromatic scale / steps same
everywhere just higher or lower)MINOR
KEYS--minor scales (sad keys)
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• Modulation (Changing of keys)
• Tonic key (key you started in)

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• MUSICAL TEXTURE
• Monophonic
• Polyphonic
• Homophonic

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• MUSICAL TEXTURE
• Monophonic
• 1 melodic line Unison if more
• Can have 1 or more than one voice or instrument
  playing/singing the same line

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• MUSICAL TEXTURE
• Polyphonic
• more than 1 melodic line combined to make
  COUNTERPOINT
• Imitation Row Row Row Your boat
• as a Round is strict imitation.
• Imitation is not always strict

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• MUSICAL TEXTURE
• Homophonic
• 1 melody accompanied by chords
• most Common in Western Music today
• when chords become more than just whole or 1/2
  notes we can push boundaries of polyphonic

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• MUSICAL FORM
• techniques for
• Repetition / Contrast / Variation
• Modern forms
• (verse /pre-chorus/Chorus/bridge/solo)
• strange to have a THRU composed

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• MUSICAL FORM
• Two Part (Binary Form)
• Form AB can subdivide
• AABB ABB AAB etc..

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• MUSICAL FORM
• THREE PART (Tertiary)
• (can be subdivided)
• ABC
• ABA etc..

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• modern POP song forms
• verse/ chorus/solos / bridge/ intro / tags/
  outro/ inst break / ect
• IN CLASS EXERCISE
• Analyze FORM of
• Help
• Hard Days Night

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• HELP by The Beatles
• Intro (A)
• Verse (B )
• Chorus (C)
• Verse 2 (B)
• Chorus (C)
• Verse 3 (B)
• Chorus (C)
• TAG

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• HARD DAYS NIGHT by The Beatles
• Verse 1 (A)
• Verse 2 (A)
• Bridge (B)
• Verse 1 (A)
• Guitar solo (A)
• ½ verse (1/2 A)
• Bridge (B)
• Verse 1 (A)
• TAG

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• HOMEWORK Assignment 3
• Pick your own song to write out form