The Cold War

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The Cold War 1945-89
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The Cold War

• Years of tension hostility between Superpowers
• U.S. Vs. USSR
• War of ideas
• Communism Vs. Democracy
• Capitalism Vs. command
• Arms Race, Space Race, etc.

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The End of WWII

• Democracy restored to nations of Western Europe
• Aided by U.S. G. Britain
• Eastern Europe occupied by armies of USSR
• Stalin supported the establishment of pro
  communist governments in the Region

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Yalta Conference 1945

• Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
• Germany would be divided into zones of occupation
• Stalin promises Eastern European countries will
  have free elections

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Potsdam Conference

• Stalin, Truman,Attlee
• Stalin refuses free elections in Eastern European
  countries
• Establishes satellite nations (pro communist
  governments) in occupied countries

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• An Iron Curtain has descended across Europe- W.
  Churchill 1946
• Western Europe Democratic
• Eastern Europe- Communist

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A Wall Divides Europe
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U.S. Policy of Containment

• U.S. policy of blocking further Communist
  expansion
• Limiting Communism to regions already under
  Communist control
• Creating alliances,aiding weak
  countries, military action
• Ex. Vietnam, Korea, Marshall Plan, Truman
  Doctrine

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Truman Doctrine 1947

• U.S. sent military financial aid to Turkey
  Greece
• Dictated US foreign policy for years to come
• 400 Million
• Helping them resist communist forces
• Proved successful

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The Marshall Plan June 1947

• U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall
• Massive economic aid package for European
  Recovery
• 12.5 Billion in loans
• Strengthened Democracies
  in Europe
• Lessened the appeal of communism

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Marshall Plan
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Crisis in Germany

• Germany is divided into 4 occupational zones
• US, France, Britain USSR
• Division is supposed to be
  temporary
• Tensions grew between East
  West
• Stalin feared a strong united Germany

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The Berlin Blockade

• Berlin the divided capital was located in the
  Eastern sector
• 1948- three western zones unified
• Stalin responded by
  attempting to to force
  the allies out
  of Berlin
• Closed of all land routes to city
• Shut off supplies to city

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The Berlin Airlift

• American British response to blockade
• Yearlong airlift of food, fuel medicine into
  Western Berlin
• Planes fly around the clock missions
• The Soviets end blockade in 1949

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Operation Viddles

• Planes took off landed every 3 minutes
• 277,000 flights
• 2.3 million tons of supplies

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A Divided Germany

• 1949-German Democratic Republic (East
  Germany)-Communist
• 1949-German Federal Republic(West Germany)-
  Democratic
• Division would last until 1990

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The Berlin Wall

• 1961-East Germany constructed a wall that
  separated East from West Berlin
• Known as the wall of death
• The Walls destruction in 1989 symbolizes the
  fall of communism

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The Wall of Death
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The Berlin Wall
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Opposing alliances

• 1949-NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Defensive alliance
• 10 Western European nations w/ US Canada
• Pledged to support each other if attacked

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• 1955 Warsaw Pact
• Soviet Response to NATO
• Also a defensive alliance
• Alliance between USSR 7 of its Eastern European
  satellites countries

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Arms Race

• Stockpiling development of the deadliest
  weapons
• Atomic bomb US 1945/ USSR 1949
• Hydrogen Bomb US 1952/ USSR 1953
• Construction of ICBMs Intercontinental Ballistic
  Missiles

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• Arms race raised the level of tension for over 40
  years
• Raised fears that conflict would destroy the
  world
• Brinkmanship- willingness to go to the brink or
  edge of destruction

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The Space Race

• 1957USSR launched first satellite Sputnik
• US founds NASA
• 1961USSR launch first man in space
• 1969 US lands on moon
• US USSR explored military use of spy satellites

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The Cold War Heats UP

• US USSR Never clash head to head
• They clashed through surrogate or representative
  states

Vietnam
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Korean War
1950-1953

• Following WWII Korea is divided _at_ 38th
  Parallel
• North(Communist), South
  (non-communist)
• 1950- N. Korea invades South
• US Containment put to the test

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• UN forces led by Macarthur prevented
  communist takeover
• Three years of Back forth fighting
  (Ping Pong)
• Armistice signed in 1953
• Border is reset _at_ 38th Parallel

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• Korea remains divided
• US troops patrol DMZ
• Hot spot in the world today
• North Korean construction of Nuclear weapons

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THE DMZ
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Cuba

• 1959-Cuban revolutionary Fidel
  Castro overthrows the government
• Becomes Communist state dependant upon USSR
• Still rules today as dictator

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• 1961- Bay of Pigs Invasion
• Exiled Cuban Nationalists backed by US attempt
  overthrow of Castro
• Invasion is crushed
• Kennedy administration
  is humiliated

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• The Cuban Missile Crisis
• USSR installs missile bases in Cuba
• Threat to US security
• US blockades Cuba
• US USSR brought to the brink of war
  (Brinkmanship)

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• Crisis is avoided after 13 days
• USSR dismantles nuclear missiles

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Vietnam War

• 1954- France loses control of its colonies in
  Indochina to Communist/ Nationalist forces
• Vietnam is divided _at_ the 17th Parallel
• Communist(North)
• Led by Ho Chi Minh
• Anti-communist (South)

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• US forces sent in to prevent Communist from
  uniting Vietnam
• Eisenhowers Domino Theory
• US pulls out in 1973/ Saigon falls in 1975
• Vietnam remains communist today

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Repression in Eastern Europe

• USSR kept a tight grip on its satellites
• Any revolts were put down with extreme force
• East Germany Poland 1950s
• 1956 Hungary
• 1969 Czechoslovakia

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USSR Leaders
The Old
The New
Gorbachev
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Nikita Khruschev

• Soviet leader following Stalin 1953-1964
• Destalinization
• Purged the USSR of Stalins
  memory
• Policy of peaceful coexistence with Capitalist
  states
• Maintained strict control over satellites

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Leonid Brezhnev
1964-1982

• Adopted repressive measures _at_
  home in Satellites
• Brezhnev Doctrine
• Initiated Détente with the US
• A cooling down of tensions between East West
• SALTI II- 1972,1979
  Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties
• Limited of ICBMs

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Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-91

• Drastically reformed the Soviet government
  failing economy
• Withdrew Soviet Troops from
  Afghanistan
• Encouraged Glasnost (openness)
• Ended censorship encouraged free flow of ideas
• Allowed open criticism of the government

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• Perestroika
• Movement towards a free market economy
  (Capitalism) NEP?
• Democratization
• Voters could choose candidates for office

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• Allowed pro-democracy movements in the Satellites
• Repealed Breshnev Doctrine
• Without threat of Soviet force, communism
  crumbles in E. Europe
• EX. The Berlin Wall 1989

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The Collapse of the USSR

• 1991 Baltic States Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
  declare independence
• Shortly after all other 15 Soviet Republics gain
  independence
• 1991 The USSR ceases to exist

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Then Now
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Unification of Germany

• 1989 Berlin Wall comes down
• 1990 Germany is reunited
• Financial strain on West Germany
• Unemployment
  rises in East

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Poland

• 1980 Independent trade union Solidarity led by
  Lech Walesa calls for a
  change
• Polish government outlaws union arrested
  members
• 1989 Lech Walesa is elected President of Poland

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Others...

• Czechoslovakia breaks apart
• Czech Republic Slovakia
• Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia- Herzegovina,
  Macedonia separate from Yugoslavia
• Bosnia becomes crisis point in 1990s
• Genocide of Non- Serbs

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The August Coup

• 1991- Communist hardliners attempt to overthrow
  Gorbachev
• Attempts failed but Gorbachev resigns

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Boris Yeltsin

• Succeeds Gorbachev after failed coup
• 1st popularly elected
  President of Russia
• Adopted policy of Shock Therapy
• Abrubt shift to a free market economy
• Living standards declined/ economy faltered/
  corruption rampant
• Resigned 1999 due to poor health

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Vladimir Putin

• Current President of Russia
• Continues market reforms
• Former KGB administrator
• Problems still exist today with rebel Province of
  Chechnya
• Improved relations w/ U.S., E.U., NATO China

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Non-aligned Countries during the Cold War

• US USSR attempted to gain influence over Third
  World countries
• Underdeveloped countries of Africa Latin
  America
• Military, technical, financial assistance
• Backed revolutions (Cuba, Nicaragua, Afghanistan)

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