The Future of Wireless Sensor Networks

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The Future of Wireless Sensor Networks

• Kris Pister
• Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley
• Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor Actuator Center
• (Founder CTO, Dust Networks)

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Outline

• The Past
• What Went Wrong
• Technology Status
• Applications
• Technology Directions

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Autonomous Microsensor Networks with Optical
Communication Links
BSAC IAB 1997

• PI Kris Pister
• Source Hughes (MICRO)
• Funding 25k, 10k matching, 0 ovhd,
• Duration 1 year
• Comments Collaboration w/ Prof. Joe Kahn under
  separate MICRO

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COTS Dust
BSAC IAB Spring 2000

• GOAL
• Get our feet wet
• RESULT
• Cheap, easy, off-the-shelf RF systems
• Fantastic interest in cheap, easy, RF
• Industry
• Berkeley Wireless Research Center
• Center for the Built Environment (IUCRC)
• PC Enabled Toys (Intel)
• Fantastic RF problems
• Optical proof of concept

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Berkeley Demos 2001
Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and
report direction and velocity
Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8
level dynamic network,
50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3
hours. 100 vs. 800 per node.
Seismic testing demo real-time data acquisition,
200 vs. 5,000 per node
vs.
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Cost of Sensor Networks

Time
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Sensor Networks Take Off!

• 8.1B market for
• Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007

Source InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless) Wireless
Data Research Group 2003 InStat/MDR 7/2004
(Handsets)
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Low Data Rate WPAN Applications
Zigbee 2003
Zigbee 2006
Zigbee Pro
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
BUILDING AUTOMATION
security HVAC AMR lighting control access control
TV VCR DVD/CD remote
PC PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL
mouse keyboard joystick
asset mgt process control environmental energy
mgt
RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL
security HVAC lighting control access
control lawn garden irrigation
patient monitoring fitness monitoring
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Barriers to Adoption
OnWorld, 2005
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Dust Networks

• Founded July 2002
• Focused on reliability, power consumption
• Developed TSMP
• Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol
• gt99.9 reliability
• Lowest power per delivered packet

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50 motes, 7 hops 3 floors, 150,000sf gt100,000
packets/day
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Oil Refinery Double Coker Unit

• Scope limited to Coker facility and support units
  spanning over 1200ft
• No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity
• Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per
  wired practices
• gt5 year life on C-cell

GW
400m
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Standards

• IEEE 802.15.4
• Wireless HART
• ISA SP100

Wireless HART booth at ISA Expo, Oct. 2006
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The De-facto Standard
12 Manufacturers,1 Network Dust Networks TSMP
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Excerpts from Customer Presentations at the
Emerson Process Users ConferenceOctober 2-5, 2006
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Streetline Networks
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Federspiel Controls

• HVAC System Retrofits
• Demonstrated Energy Savings
• 3.7 kWh/sf/yr
• 0.34 therms/sf/yr
• Higher savings than conventional retrofits

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Barriers to Adoption
gt99.9
Wireless HART, SP100
It just worked
5-10 years
Complete networks
OnWorld, 2005
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2.4 GHz Transceiver Front End

• Cook et al., ISSCC 2006
• Active Area 0.8mm2
• Zero external RF components

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Radio Performance
X cc2420
X cc1000
Cook 06 (300 mW) X
Molnar 04 (0.4mA) X
X Otis 05 (0.4mA)
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RF Time of Flight Ranging in a Coal Mine Tunnel
Steven Lanzisera
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Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001)

• Goals
• Standard CMOS
• Low power
• Minmal external components

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UCB Hardware Results 2003

• 2 chips fabbed in 0.25um CMOS
• Mote on a chip worked, TX only
• 900 MHz transceiver worked
• Records set for low power CMOS
• ADC, Mike Scott, M.S.
• 8 bits, 100kS/s
• 2uA_at_1V
• Microprocessor, Brett Warneke, PhD.
• 8 bits, 1MIP
• 10uA_at_1V
• 900 MHz radio Al Molnar M.S.
• 100kbps, bits in, bits out
• 20 m indoors
• 0.4mA _at_ 3V

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Mote on a Chip, 2009

• Goals
• Standard CMOS
• Low power
• Minimal external components

uP
Security
SRAM
Temp
Location
Radio
Amp
ADC
Time
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Conclusion

• 10 years later, a real market emerges
• Reliable, low power, standards-based technology
  is no more expensive than junk
• The lowest power radios in the world come from
  UCB/EECS/BSAC
• The best software and algorithms for WSN come
  from UCB/EECS/BSAC