RSS-Amman, 18th January 2006 ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? - ??????? ???????? - ???????? ??????? ????? ???????

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RSS-Amman, 18th January 2006??????? ???????
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• Energy Conservation Through Thermally Insulated
  Structures
• Ayoub Abu-Dayyeh
• Engineer and Doctor of Philosophy
• President of the society of Energy Conservation
  and Environmental sustainability
• P.O.Box 830305 Amman 11183 Jordan
• E-mail E_casesociety_at_yahoo.com
• Mobile no. 00 962 79 5772533

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The purpose of this paper is to explicate its
title through investigating the following 1) How
is energy saving possible through thermal
insulation and passive design? 2) The
feasibility of investing in thermal
Insulation? 3) Is Thermal Comfort and a healthy
atmosphere possible inside the dwellings during
all seasons! (Insulation and passive design) 4)
What Environmental Impacts can exist due to
thermally insulating buildings?
3
Economical Design
0.06
Criteria Cost Availability Requirements (Archite
ctural, Codes, etc) Durability Vapor
Barrier Gloss Health hazards Fire hazards
0.05
Rock Wool
0.04
o
Expanded Polystyrene
0.03
K- value (W/m. C )
Polyurethane
0.02
0.01
100
10
90
20
80
0
40
60
50
70
30
Density of Thermal Insulating Materials Kg/m3
4
Material Density K valve W/m2.k Cost US / m3 2005


Concrete 2300 1.75
Lime Stone 2200 1.53
Normal Glass 2500 1.05
Concrete Hollow Blocks 1200 0.77
Plastering 1570 0.53
Polystyrene (expanded) 15 0.040 90
Glass Wool 64 0.038 150
Polystyrene (expanded) 20 0.036 100
Polystyrene (extruded) 28-35 0.035 125
Rock Wool 50-100 0.035 90
Polystyrene (expanded) 25 0.034 110
Polyurethane (on site) 30 0.026 300
1
1
2
1
2
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• Design The Jordanian thermal insulation code
  published in 2002, specifies a minimum of thermal
  transmittance value (U -value) of 1.8 W /m2.k for
  exterior walls (Including exterior openings) and
  a value of 1 W/m2.k for roofs
• Wall 1. 30 cm plain concrete and stone cladding
  (3-5 cm thick) with 2cm cement-sand plastering
  from the inside, traditional wall.
• Wall 2 Recently, the construction industry has
  been using a similar sort of construction by
  introducing hollow blocks made of concrete, 10 cm
  thick, 40 cm in length and 20 cm in height. They
  are used as a replacement to formwork from the
  inside, keeping the total thickness of the wall
  in the range of 30 cm. The section consists of an
  extra 2 cm of cement-sand plastering from the
  inside as.
• Wall 3 Our recommended economical section 33cm

Wall 2
Wall 1
Wall 3
U 2.6 W/m2.k
U 2.19 W/m2.k
U 0.76 W/m2.k
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• Definitions of symbols
• K (Thermal Conductivity) R (Thermal
  Resistance) d / k U (Thermal Transmittance)
  e ( Emissivity ) d ( Thickness )
• U value calculations
• U 1 R R d ( Thickness ) K ( Thermal
  Conductivity )
• Ri 0.13 Ro 0.04m2.k/W
• For Wall 1
• U1 1 (Ri Ro (0.05 1.53) (0.25 1.72)
  (0.02 0.53)
• 1 0.383
• 2.6 W/m2.k
• For Wall 2
• U2 1 (Ri Ro (0.05 1.53) (0.15 1.75)
  (0.10 0.77) (0.02 0.53)
• 1 0.46
• 2.19 W/m2.k
• For Wall 3
• U3 1 (Ri Ro (0.05 1.53) (0.15 1.75)
  (0.03 0.035) (0.10 0.77) (0.02 0.53)
• 1 1.32
• 0.76 W/m2.k

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• Energy Saving If we add exterior opening effects
  on the over whole U-value of the walls (Doors
  and Windows), which we assume they constitute 20
  of the total exterior peripheral area, we can
  then calculate the saving attained in energy and
  fuel consumption due to thermally insulating the
  exterior walls only. The calculations follow
• Assume that the average U-Value for exterior
  openings U-value (Windows Doors) 4 W/m2.k
• The average U-value becomes-
• 0.76 0.8 4 (0.2)
• 1. 4 lt 1.8
• This is okay for the existing Jordanian thermal
  Insulation code, but we are striving to reduce
  this value by 50 which will still be
  dramatically higher than the values recommended
  by many European standards.
• The average U-value for the traditional wall
• 2.6 x 0.8 4 x 0.2
• 2.88 W/m2.k
• Percentage saving ( W3-W1) 2.88-1.4 / 2.88
  51.3

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• Fuel Saving Assuming that the air exchange stays
  the same before and after applying the new
  insulated section, and also assuming that the
  flat is loosing heat from four directions only.
• Where the roof is occupied by neighbors and
  heated. The area of the flat is 15 10 150m2.
  Where U1 U3 represent Walls 1 3
• Q saved (U1-U3) x A x T (Ti-To)
• Where U12.88, U3 0.76, A 125m2, T 20 K
  (Average temperature change)
• The flat in question has a wall surface area of
  125 m2.
• Q (2.88 1.4) (125 m2) (20)
• 3700W 3.7 Kj/second
• 3.7x3600 Kj/ hour
• One liter of diesel 7000 K.calory 7000x4.2 Kj
  ( 1calory4.2 joules)
• Saving in diesel/hour 3.7x3600/7000x4.2
• 0.45 lt./
  hour
• If we Assume that Amman needs 1300 Heating Hour
  Day and 700 cooling hour day, then the total
  consumption is
• 0.45x2000 900 lt. yearly
• This means nearly 200 US Saving on fuel only by
  thermally insulating walls only, if we add
  reduction in maintenance and spare parts and
  increasing the time life of the
  electro-mechanical system, this number is easily
  doubled. Therefore saving is up to 400 yearly.
  Remember that if improvement on the thermal
  properties of the roof is also administered, the
  savings are far greater. This is a substantial
  amount of money to most people in Jordan.

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• It must be noted here that air gaps do not have
  the ability to resist heat more than 0.18 W /m.
  k, no matter how thick the gap is (provided the
  gap is bounded by traditional construction
  materials, such as concrete). Actually the wider
  the gap is the worse would be its resistance to
  heat transfer as convection currents become more
  effective in wasting energy in winter (see figure
  3 for details).
• If we calculate U3, for wall 3 once again using
  an air gap 2cm wide, then the U-value becomes as
  follows
• U3 1 (Ri Ro (0.05 1.53) (0.15 1.75)
  (0.03 0.035) (0.10 0.77) 0.18 ( see
  figure 3, the value 0.18 is illustrated by
  arrows) (0.02/0.53)
• U3 1/1.46
• 0.67 W/m2.k
• It is clear now that not much change has been
  achieved through adding the effect of the air
  gap, that is from 0.76 to 0.67W/m2.k. (i.e. 13
  improvement )Whatever width the air gap is, no
  more resistance to heat flow is attained.
  Actually the opposite happens as the wider the
  gap becomes the lesser the resistance to heat
  flow the air gap sustains.

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BS 6993PART1-1989
1.2
Aluminum Foil
Heat Flow Direction in Summer
K / W)
1

2.
Heat Flow Direction in Winter
0.8
Cavity with one aluminum surface
0.6
Cavity uncoated
Thermal resistance -R-value (m


0.4
0.2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cavity thickness (mm)
Figure 4
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Very Hot Zone
20
Average Temperature of Ambient Air
Comfort Zone
10
Very Cold Zone
5 10 15 20 25
0
5
10
15
20
25
Average surface temperature of internal walls
Figure 5 a
12
13 degrees
Wall 1
13
o
0 C
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
33 C
16
32
14
o
15
31. C
o
16.5 C
33 C
o
o
14
33.5 C
13
o
o
32
o
15
o
o
o
o
o
16.5 C
20 C
26 C
o
50 C
0 C
o
16
31. C
out side
o
inside
inside
20 C
o
16.5 C
Wall 1 (Vertical section-Winter)
Wall 1 - plan - Summer
Wall 1 - plan- Winter
6 ( a )
6 ( c )
6 ( b )
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Table 2
Averages of weight of water vapor produced by a
family in Jordan consisting of an average of 5
persons
1 Breathing and Sweating 4 7 kg
2 Using petrol based fuel in heaters of no exhausts 10 15 Kg
3 Cooking 2 6 kg
4 Bathing (Twice weekly) 1 3 kg
5 Washing activities 1 2 kg
6 Laundry 2 4 kg
7 Drying clothes 4 8 kg
8 Washing and drying dishes 0.5 1 kg
9 Other activities, plants, .. etc 0.5 1 kg
Total 25 47kg
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Picture 1 - 3
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(No Transcript)
17
Plate 1
Outside 0 k
Window Frame
Plate 1 Winter Condition
Area of a Sharp Temperature Gradient
Inside 20 k
18
Plate 2
Area of a Sharp Temperature Gradient
Plate 2
outside
Area of extremely sharp temperature gradient
19
Cold Joints
20
See picture 1-2
21
o
0 C
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
33 C
16
32
14
o
15
31. C
o
16.5 C
33 C
o
o
14
33.5 C
13
o
o
32
o
15
o
o
o
o
o
16.5 C
20 C
26 C
o
50 C
0 C
o
16
31. C
out side
o
inside
inside
20 C
o
16.5 C
Wall 1 (Vertical section-Winter)
Wall 1 - plan - Summer
Wall 1 - plan- Winter
6 ( a )
6 ( c )
6 ( b )
22
13 degrees
Wall 1
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Infra Red Scanning
Reference S, Baradey, Iproplan , Germany
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o
o
0 C
o
o
27.2
19.2 C
19 C
o
o
o
28.2 C
18.2 C
19 C
o
o
o
19.2 C
50 C
27.2 C
o
o
20 C
0 C
o
o
o
20 C
Ambient temp. 26 C
19.2 C
Wall 3 - plan , Winter
Wall 3 - plan , Summer
Wall 3 (Vertical cross-section)
8 ( b )
8 ( c )
8 ( a )
25
Iso-thermal Lines No 18
19.2K
Wall 3
18.2K
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Passive Design

• Passive design is that which does not require
  mechanical heating or cooling. Homes that are
  passively designed take advantage of natural
  energy flows to maintain thermal comfort.
• At almost no extra cost
• Significantly improves comfort.
• Reduces or eliminates heating and cooling bills.
• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions from heating,
  cooling, mechanical ventilation and lighting.

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Shading
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Solar, Shading and ventilation
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Thermal Mass-Trombe wall
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Passive design in Traditional houses

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Beehives
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Thermal mass
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Materials, Color and Emissivity

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• Conclusion
• In Jordan, we have proved that using wall 3
  solution at an extra cost of 1000 US per 150 m2
  flat is immediately refunded from the reduction
  in boiler capacity, quantity of radiators,
  diameter of pipes and capacity of pumps.
• The profitable investment in thermal insulation
  persists and multiplies by time ever since the
  moment of occupying the building, as less fuel
  and electricity is spent on heating and cooling,
  and very little maintenance thereafter is needed.
  We have proved that a saving of 400 per flat
  per year is achieved, only via heat losses
  through walls.
• Less fuel consumption, i.e. Sustainable natural
  resources
• A more comfortable environment is also
  prevailing inside the house, whence thermal
  insulation is used. Less cracks and less thermal
  movement within the insulated zone.
• No condensation is possible and no fungus growth.
• And above all less fumes are emitted to the
  atmosphere. That means less pollution for the
  environment.