Chapter 6 Cognitive development

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Chapter 6 Cognitive development

• pp.220-221,p.222,226,235-238,
• , 242-243, 246-247,259-260

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???????(cognition)? ????(cognitive
development)?

• ??(knowing)??????????(inner processes and
  products of mind),??????????????????????????
• ????(cognitive development)

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?? ?????????

• 1.?????????
• Piagets cognitive-developmental theory
• 2. Vygotsky??????
• Vygotskys sociocultrual viewpoint
• 3.??????Information-processing perspectives
• 4.??????Psychometric viewpoints

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???????????

• (?)???(stage theory)
• 1.???????(structural whole)
• 2.??????
• 3.????

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(?)????

• 1.??(scheme)
• ???????,????????????????
• (1)??????(sensorimotor scheme) dropping scheme
• (2)????(mental representation)
• ??????????????
• Imagesmental pictures of objects, people, space
• Concepts categories in which similar objects or
  events are grouped together

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• Sensorimotor scheme
• Symbolic scheme
• Operational scheme

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2.?????

• (1)??(adaptation)
• ???????????????
• ??(assimilation)
• ??????????????
• ??(accommodation)
• ??????????????????
• (2)??(organization)
• ????????????????????????????

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3.????(cognitive equilibration) ????

• ????
• ??????????????

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(?)????

• ?????(sensorimotor stage, 0-2yr)
• ????(preoperation stage, 2-6,7yr)
• ?????(concrete operational stage, 6,7-11,12yr)
• ?????(formal operational stage, 11,12yr-)

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1.?????(sensorimotor stage, 0-2yr)

• ??????
• ?????(object permanence)?
• ??(imitation)
• (2)6 ???? (substages)p.222,223,224
• ????(circular reaction)
• A-not-B search error
• (3) ??
• ?????
• the violation-of-expectation method
• Bailargeon (2004) p.226

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2.????(the preoperation stage, 2-6,7yr)

• (1)Representational insight
• (2) ????
• (The preconceptual period,2-4 yr)
• a. Emerging of symbolic thought
• b. dual representation

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Dual representation

• Piaget symbolic thought
• DeLoache preschoolers abilities to use scale
  models pictures as symbol
• Ss2 ½, 3yr
• Task find a toy hidden in a room
• Steps
• Show a scale model of the room, a mini-toy behind
  a chair in the model
• Retrieval 1 find the toy in the real room
• Retrieval 2 find the mini-toy in the model

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• Result
• 3yrretrieval 175, retrieval 290
• 2 ½ yr 15, 80
• Cant use the model as symbol
• Show a photo of a real room
• 2 ½ yr can find
• 2 ½ yr lack of dual representation
• The ability to think about an object in two
  different setting

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• c. Deficits in preconceptual reasoning
• ?????(Animism)
• ????(Egocentrism) p.236

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(3)????(The intuitive period,4-7yr)

• ???????/????(Incapable of conservation/centration)
  p.237
• ???(identity)
• ???(compensation)
• ???(reversibility)

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????

• 2-5 ½?
• ????????,?????????????????
• 5 ½-7?
• ???????,??????????????,???????????????
• ???????,??????????????,???????????
• ?????????????????????????

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• 7?-
• ????(hierarchical classification)
• ?????,???????????
• ??????(Class inclusion) (p.238)

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3.????? ( The concrete operational
stage,7-11 yr)

• (1)????(Conservation)
• (2)????(Relational logic)
• ????(Mental seriation)
• ??(Transitivity)
• (3)??
• ????(Horizontal decalage)
• ? structural whole

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4.????? (The formal-operational stage,11-12 yr)

• ??????(Hypothetic-deductive
• reasoning)
• (2)??
• ?????????
• ??????

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?. Vygotskys sociocultural perspective

• (?)?????????
• (Four interrelated levels of analysis)
• ????(Ontogenetic development)
• ????(Microgenetic development
• changes that occur over
  relatively
• brief periods of time)
• ????(Phylogenetic development)
• ??????(Sociohistoricaldevelopment)

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(?)????

• (1)???????
• (Tools of intellectual adaptation)
• elementary mental
  function
• 
  ?????????,??
• (1) how to
  think??Tools of
• 
  intellectual adaptation(???????,?
• 
  ??????????????)
• (2) what to
  think?????????????
  
• 
  higher mental function

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(2)?????(The zone of proximal
development )(ZPD)

• ???????task
• ?????????????
• ??????????????
• intersubjectivity
• scaffolding
• guided participation
• task??????????,?????????
• ?????????

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• ??(Scaffolding)
• ???????,???????????,????????????(??????,??????????
  ??????,????????????????)
• ????(Guided participation)
• ????????,???????????????,????????????

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(3) ?????

• Piaget
• egocentric speech to social speech
• Vygotsky
• private speech to inner speech