APPLICATION OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS IN DISASTER REHABILITATION Seyed Mostafa Safavi Amir-Kabir University of Technology Iranian Telecommunication Research Center

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APPLICATION OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS IN
DISASTER REHABILITATIONSeyed Mostafa
SafaviAmir-Kabir University of
TechnologyIranian Telecommunication Research
Center
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CONTENTS

• Space Technology
• Space Applications
• MESBAH Satellite

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Space Applications for Hazard Monitoring and
Mitigation

• Earth Observation Satellites (Remote Sensing)
• Space Communications
• Global Positioning and Navigation Systems

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Space communications

• Geostationary Systems
• INMARSAT
• EUTELSAT
• INTELSAT
• Sun Synchronous Systems
• INTERSPUTNIK
• Low Earth Orbit Satellites
• GLOBALSTAR
• IRIDIUM
• MESBAH

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Global Positioning Systems

• GPS - Global Positioning Systems
• GLONASS
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are space-based
  radio positioning systems that provide 24 hour
  three-dimensional position, velocity and time
  information to suitably equipped users anywhere
  on or near the surface of the Earth (and
  sometimes off the earth).
• Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are
  extended GPS systems, providing users with
  sufficient accuracy and integrity information to
  be useable for critical navigation applications.

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Earth Observation Systems

• Satellite data - a viable tool for experts to
  monitor emergencies, identify risk areas and map
  the extent of a disaster
• An overview of the situation can be obtained
  quickly, as large areas can be covered in one
  pass, indicating zones in danger and those
  already affected
• And once the situation has returned to normal,
  satellite data can be used to assess the damage,
  map affected regions and help devise prevention
  plans for the future.
• It's about monitoring emergencies as they
  happen. It's about keeping track of a flood,
  alerting coastguards to pollutants in the water,
  detecting burning fires or assisting authorities
  in rebuilding after disasters

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Some Applications

• Disaster Recovery
• Flooding
• Fire Damage
• Water Pollution Discharge Storm Water Runoff
• Coastal Mapping Monitoring and Bathymetry
• Reconnaissance
• Shipping Observation
• Refugee Monitoring
• Earthquakes
• Communications for emergency management

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Varieties of disasters
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Disaster Recovery

• Emergency Monitoring, Response and
  AssessmentSimilar to urban and suburban mapping,
  the high resolution imagery can provide vital and
  accurate inventory of asset and facility
  locations, evacuation routes, and vulnerability
  evaluations. In addition, the daily coverage will
  enable up-to-date monitoring during events and
  damage assessments immediately after.

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Flooding

• Increasing urbanization, forest clear-cutting,
  wetland and floodplain destruction, river
  channelization and changing climate patterns are
  increasing the frequency and intensity of floods.
• 3-5 meter resolution multi spectral imagery can
  display both regional and detailed information
  concerning flooding and damage extent, up to
  several times each day. As an example, current
  knowledge of highway and bridge status can aid in
  effective transport of relief supplies.

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Flooding (Cont.)

• Flood boundaries can be measured to within a few
  meters in areas without tree cover with 1-meter
  panchromatic imagery. Individual buildings and
  parcel boundaries can be identified for
  commercial and residential property damage
  assessment.

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Fire Damage

• Urban encroachment into natural areas, along with
  forest and rangeland fire suppression policies
  have increased the frequency and intensities of
  large area fires in many portions of the world.
• Similar to flood events, high spatial resolution
  imagery can be used before, during, and after a
  fire to measure fuel potential, access, progress,
  extent, as well as damage and financial loss.

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• Urban Fire Damage
• In developed areas, high spatial resolution
  satellite imagery can serve as a valuable
  assessment tool both before and after a fire.
  Multi spectral imagery can help the user map
  vegetation that could fuel a fire, and proximity
  to housing.
• After a fire, the high resolution imagery shows
  the complete absence of vegetation and total
  destruction of buildings. The combination of a
  digital terrain model and 1-meter imagery
  illustrates the difficulty of navigating fire
  fighting equipment and personnel through the
  steep terrain and narrow roads.

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Forest Fire Damage Assessment

• For forest fire damage assessment, the 1-meter
  panchromatic imagery captures the fine detail in
  individual tree crowns, while the 3-meter multi
  spectral imagery can be used to evaluate the
  health of the trees that survived.

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Water Pollution Discharge Storm Water Runoff

• High resolution panchromatic imagery can measure
  impervious surfaces such as roofs, streets, and
  parking lots, and pervious surfaces such as tree
  and grass covered areas.
• Applying runoff coefficients to the area of each
  surface type can provide perhaps the best
  available estimates for non-point source water
  pollution. Adding parcel boundaries can provide
  estimates of runoff per parcel, useful for
  assessing storm sewer fees.

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Coastal Mapping Monitoring and Bathymetry

• Coral reefs, sea-grass beds, mangroves, salt
  marshes, chlorophyll, sedimentation, and
  development activities can be accurately located,
  identified and monitored.
• 10-30-meter multispectral imagery - useful for
  small scale mapping of wetlands, beaches,
  submerged vegetation, urbanization, storm damage
  and general coastal morphology. Combined with
  3-5-meter panchromatic imagery, the blue-green
  band has water penetration capability.

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Coastal Mapping Monitoring and Bathymetry

• Coastal areas can be evaluated for sensitivity
  and suitability for siting ports, tourist
  facilities, aquaculture and fisheries
  development.
• 1-meter panchromatic imagery combined with the
  3-5-meter blue band shows even finer detail, such
  as sandbars, channels, wave patterns and beach
  structures. Both types of multi spectral imagery
  can penetrate to several meters in depth in areas
  with extremely clear, non-turbid water. Using the
  imagery, near and offshore shallow water depth
  contours can be created.

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Reconnaissance

• For decades, only the United States and the
  former Soviet Union have reportedly had access to
  high-resolution space-based reconnaissance
  assets. High resolution imagery will serve the
  many other civil and military customers reliant
  on accurate overhead imagery to monitor targeted
  areas for environmental, humanitarian, economic,
  or military analysis.
• Traditionally, satellite imagery (from U.S.-based
  EOSAT and French-based SPOT Inc.) has been useful
  for identifying large features, such as military
  airfields, but was not of sufficient quality to
  track small or gradual changes in an imaged area
  (necessary for environmental monitoring) or to
  identify smaller features of military interest.
  To date, airborne surveillance has been the only
  satisfactory means for this type of
  reconnaissance or monitoring, but it is an
  expensive and intrusive method as compared to
  satellite remote sensing.

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Reconnaissance (Cont.)

• The new U.S. Department of Commerce regulations
  permitting the sale of sub-meter resolution
  imagery to both commercial customers and, with
  limited restrictions, to foreign military
  customers. This imagery is useful for both
  long-term monitoring (for example, erosion
  analysis, or border patrol) and information
  gathering during critical events (such as an oil
  spill or natural disaster).
• The low capitalization costs and the frequent
  revisit times permitted by the simultaneous
  operation of multiple satellites offer
  significant competitive advantages in this
  market, as in the commercial market. Continuous
  monitoring of any area will be possible for less
  than the operating costs of a single
  reconnaissance aircraft or the price of a single
  fighter aircraft. Moreover, the digital format in
  which the images will be distributed readily
  facilitates analysis with commercially available
  GIS hardware and software.

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Shipping Observation

• Monitoring departing and arriving vessels at
  commercial and military ports is an important
  factor in intelligence surveillance. By using
  high-resolution satellite imagery, details, such
  as specific identification, classification (of
  both ship and cargo), and arrival/departure times
  can be tracked. Intelligence can also be gained
  from vehicles, equipment, and cargo located on
  the surrounding loading docks.

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Refugee Monitoring

• To date, the United Nations and human rights
  groups rely on infrequent on-site visits and
  witness testimonials. The non-intrusive nature of
  satellite imaging, combined with regular revisits
  and worldwide geographic coverage, provide new
  access to assessing refugee conditions. The
  Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center in
  Bergren, Norway is researching the feasibility of
  high resolution imagery for mapping refugee camp
  positions and landmine areas, estimating camp
  area and population, and providing evidence of
  war crimes.

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An Overview on Mesbah Satellite
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Main Objectives of the Mesbah Satellite Mission

• Access to Space
• Obtaining Technical Knowledge of Design ,
  Manufacturing , and Development of Small
  Satellites
• Establish a Satellite Telecommunication Network
  with the Following Specifications

Star Topology At Least 1000 User Terminals around
the World Equipped with 3 Control and Monitoring
Stations in Iran and Italy
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• Required Telecommunication Services Based on the
  Mesbah Mission Requirements
• Establishment of a Telecommunication Network with
  Global Coverage for Provision of the Following
  Services
• Store Forward Capability
• Exchange of Information in the form of E-Mail,
  SMS, and VMS ( Point to Point)
• Collection and Transmission of Information
  (Multi-Point to Point)

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Direction of rotation
Store
StoreForward
UHF
UHF
TMTC
Payload
Forward
VHF
HUB
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Features of Subsystem

• Maximum Data Rate
• Data Budget Calculation
• Access Time Calculation
• The Best Multiple Access Method
• Quality of Service
• Link Budget Margin Calculation
• Coding Type Selection
• The Highest Reliability in Service Provision

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Service Link Specifications

• UHF Frequency Band
• ?Downlink 400.5-400.6MHz
• Uplink 399.995-400.025 MHz
• Half duplex Mode of Operation
• Adjustable Bit Rate of 300 to 9600 bps
• Maximum Transmission Bit Error Rate 10-5