Chapter 9

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Chapter 9 Beginnings (Greece)
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• Lesson Essential Question 1 Where are the
  important features and cities of the Minoans and
  Mycenaeans on a map?

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A. Locate and label items on the map of the
Aegean World.
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Chapter FocusWhy Its Important (p. 151)
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B. What two civilizations did Greek
civilizations grow out of?

1. Minoan
2. Mycenaean

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C. What was important about both these
civilizations?

1. Due to the geography of the land, they both
   became great sea powers.
2. The Minoans and Mycenaeans left an important
   legacy, or gift from the past, to the Greeks.

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Section 1 The Minoans (p. 151-155)

• Lesson Essential Question 2 What was life like
  for the Minoans?

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The Minoans p. 151-152
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D. Where did the Minoan civilization start?

• Crete

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E. Describe, or tell me about, the Minoans.

1. The Minoans, also known as Cretans, grew wheat,
   barley, grapes, and olives.
2. When the olive groves and vineyards produced more
   than was needed, the Minoans traded the surplus
   for goods they could not grow or make on Crete.

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F. What did the Minoans do with their forests?

• Since there were so many forests, the Minoans
  learned to work with wood and became good
  carpenters and build ships.

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G. How did the Minoans earn a living?

1. They also learned to work with metal.
2. They used their metalworking and carpentry skills
   to build ships and began to earn a living from
   trade instead of farming.

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H. What did the Minoans do when pirates
threatened their ships?

1. When pirates threatened their ships, the Minoans
   changed the way they built them so they would go
   faster.
2. They made them slimmer, and with two or three
   masts instead of one.
3. The Minoans also put decks over the heads of
   rowers to protect them.
4. They placed a wooden beam in the prow, or front
   part of the ship.
5. The wooden beam was used to smash a hole in enemy
   ships to sink them.

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I. Over time, what did the Minoans become?

• The Minoans became the worlds first important
  seafaring civilization.

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The People (p. 152)
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J. Describe the Minoan people.

1. The Minoans were a small people with bronze skin
   and long dark hair.
2. Men wore striped loincloths, long robes
   embroidered with flowers, or trousers that bagged
   at the knee.
3. Women wore full skirts and short-sleeved jackets
   that laced in front.
4. The Minoans had small waists and wore tight belts
   to show them off.
5. They also wore jewelry.

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K. How did the Minoans spend their time?

1. Men farmed and fished.
2. They raised cattle, long-horned sheep, and goats.
3. The men also served in the navy and the royal
   guard.
4. Women performed household duties, attended
   sporting events, and went hunting in chariots.

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L. What did the Minoans do to show their love of
sports?

1. They built what was probably the worlds first
   arena.
2. It was an open-air arena
3. Stone steps made up the grandstand, which seated
   about 500.
4. The king and the royal party had their own
   special seats.

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M. Define and describe bull leaping

• Bull leaping was a form of bullfighting. A young
  man and woman fought the bull together. The
  man would grab the bull by the horns. As the
  bull raised its head to toss him, he would do a
  somersault onto its back, landing on his feet.
  He would then do a back flip off the bull. The
  woman would catch her partner as he landed on his
  feet. Many believe it was also a religious
  ritual.

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Bull Leaping
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Cities and Palaces (p. 152-153)
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N. What ways Minoan cities were different from
other ancient cities?

1. At the heart of each Minoan city stood a palace
   rather than a temple.
2. Also, Minoan cities did not have walls around
   them.
3. Instead people depended on the sea and navy for
   protection.

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O. Describe, or tell me about, the city of
Knossos.

1. One of the largest cities of Crete.
2. About one-fifth of the area was taken up by a
   five-story palace that served as a government
   building, temple, factory, and warehouse.
3. Its walls were built of stone and sun-dried brick
   framed with wooden beams.
4. The Minoans decorated the inside walls with
   brightly colored frescoes, or watercolor
   paintings made on damp plaster.
5. The palace had bathrooms with bathtubs and flush
   toilets.

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O. Describe, or tell me about, the city of
Knossos.

• It also had hot and cold running water and
  portable fireboxes to heat rooms.
• The palace had several entrances.
• Passageways and rooms formed a labyrinth.
• Define labyrinth a network of paths through
  which it is difficult to find ones way a maze
• Labyrinth also means double ax, so the palace
  was called House of the Double Ax.

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P. What was around the palace and beyond?

1. Sea captains, merchants, and ship builders lived
   in houses around the palace.
2. Past their houses stood those of artisans who
   made beautiful cups and vases and designed
   delicate jewelry.

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Rulers and Religion (p. 154)
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Q. What kind of rulers did Crete have?

• Priest-kings

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R. Were the Minoans monotheistic or
polytheistic?

• Polytheistic They believed in many gods.
• Monotheism is the belief in one god.

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S. What was Minoan religion like?

1. The main god was the Great Goddess Mother Earth.
2. She made plants grow and brought children into
   the world.
3. To honor her, the Minoans built shrines in
   palaces, on housetops, on hilltops, and in caves.

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The Fall of the Minoans (p. 155)
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T. What happened to the Minoans?

• Around 1400 B. C., control of the sea and of
  Crete went to the Mycenaeans.

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U. What have scientists learned about what
happened to the Minoans?

• Scientists have learned of a violent, volcanic
  eruption (volcano of Thera) on the island of
  Santorini, miles away, led to a tsunami. This
  tsunami destroyed the Minoan ships and also left
  them open for attack.

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V. Summarize, or tell me briefly about, the
legend that describes the fall ofthe Minoans.

• A young Greek prince named Theseus was brought to
  Crete to be sacrificed to the Minotaur, a huge
  monster the king had kept in the palace
  labyrinth. The Minotaur had the body of a man
  and the head of a bull and lived on human flesh.
  Theseus was put in the labyrinth. He fought the
  monster with a magical sword and killed it. When
  the Minotaur died, so did the power of the
  Minoans.

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Section 2 The Mycenaeans (p. 155-160)

• Lesson Essential Question 3 What was life like
  for the Mycenaeans?

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The Mycenaeans (p. 155, 157)
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W. Where did the Mycenaeans come from and how did
they arrive in Greece?

1. The Mycenaeans came from the grasslands of
   southern Russia.
2. Around 2000 B. C., small groups started making
   their way west into Europe and then south through
   the Balkan Peninsula.
3. Finally, they settled in the lowlands of Greece.

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X. How did the fortress-palaces work?

1. The Mycenaean kings built fortress-palaces on
   hilltops.
2. In times of danger or attack, the people in the
   villages outside the palace walls took shelter
   within the palace.
3. Define megaron a square room with a fireplace
   in its center
4. The king held council meetings and entertained in
   the megaron.

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Y. How did the Mycenaeans use their land?

1. Land was divided into estates that were farmed
   either by enslaved people or by tenants.
2. Define tenants people who live on and work
   another persons land
3. Landowners gave the king horses, chariots,
   weapons, wheat, farm animals, honey, and hides in
   exchange for protection.
4. Tenants worked to supply many of these items.

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Z. How did the Mycenaeans get more meat?

• They hunted. They hunted rabbit, deer, boar,
  wild bulls, and game birds. Women rode with the
  men.

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Traders and Pirates (p. 157-158)
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AA. How did the Minoans influence the Mycenaeans?

1. The Mycenaeans began to imitate Minoan gold and
   bronze work.
2. They adapted Cretan writing to their language.
3. They copied Minoan fashion.
4. Most important, the Mycenaeans learned how to
   build ships and navigate.
5. They also learned to grow olives and make olive
   oil.

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BB. What were the uses for olive oil?

1. cooking
2. fuel for lamps
3. to rub on their bodies (perfumed oil)

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CC. How did olive oil impact Mycenaean trade?

1. The sale of olive oil made the Mycenaeans rich.
2. It also led to the founding of trading stations
   and settlements on nearby islands.

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DD. How were the Mycenaeans warriors at heart?

1. In battle, they used large hide shields with
   wooden frames and fought with spears and swords.
2. Their leaders wore fancy bronze armor.
3. At first, the Mycenaeans only fought one another.
4. After they learned about shipbuilding and
   navigation, they outfitted pirate fleets and
   began to raid nearby lands.
5. By 1400 B. C., they had replaced the Minoans as
   the chief power of the Aegean world.

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The Trojan War (p. 158-159)

• Lesson Essential Question 4 What is the
  legendary cause and effect of the Trojan War?

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EE. What was Troy?

• a major trading city in Asia Minor

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FF. What made the Trojans powerful?

1. The Trojans controlled trade routes to the Black
   Sea.
2. They made money by taxing the ships that carried
   grain and gold from southern Russia to Greece.

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GG. Who was Homer?

1. He was a blind, Greek poet.
2. Iliad Homers poem about the Trojan War
3. Odyssey Homers poem about the wanderings of
   Odysseus, a hero of the Trojan War.

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HH. Summarize, according to Homer, what happened
during the TrojanWar.

• The Trojan War was fought over a woman. A Trojan
  prince, Paris, fell in love with Helen, the wife,
  of a Mycenaean king. Paris took Helen to Troy.
  Her husband became angry and sailed after them.
  Since the walls of Troy were so thick, the
  Mycenaeans could not get inside the city. They
  camped on the plain outside the city walls.
  After ten years of fighting, Odysseus suggested a
  way to get inside. He had the soldiers build a
  huge, hollow, wooden horse. Soldiers hid inside
  while the rest sailed away. The Trojans saw the
  ships leave and thought they had won. They did
  not know the Mycenaeans would return after dark.
  The Trojans pulled the horse into the city as a
  victory prize. When everyone went to sleep, the
  soldiers hidden inside came out. They opened the
  gates and let the rest of the Mycenaean soldiers
  in the city. They Mycenaeans killed the king of
  Troy and burned the city. With Helen, they
  returned home.

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A Dark Age (p. 159-160)

• Lesson Essential Question 5 How did the Dark
  Ages affect the Aegean World?

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II. What happened after the Trojan War?

• The Mycenaeans did not return to their peaceful
  ways. A series of civil wars broke out.

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JJ. Define civil wars

• wars between opposing groups of citizens

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KK. Who then invaded Greece?

• Dorians

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LL. What happened to the Mycenaeans?

• Thousands of Mycenaeans fled the Greek mainland
  and settled on Aegean islands on the western
  shore of Asia Minor. These settlements later
  became known as Ionia.
• The Aegean World then entered a Dark Age.

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MM. What happened during the Dark Age?

1. It was a time of wandering and killing.
2. Overseas trade stopped.
3. The people of Aegean region forgot how to write
   and keep records.
4. The skill of fresco painting and working with
   ivory and gold disappeared.
5. The Aegean world was cut off from the Middle East
   and the people had to create a new civilization
   on their own.

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NN. What happened after the Dark Age when the
people started over?

1. The people started over.
2. Once again, herding and farming became the main
   ways of life.
3. Local leaders ruled small areas.
4. These leaders called themselves kings, but they
   were little more than chiefs.
5. At first, the borders of the areas they ruled
   kept changing.
6. In time, however, the borders became fixed, and
   each area became an independent community.

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NN. What happened after the Dark Age when the
people started over?

• The people of these communities began calling
  themselves Hellenes, or Greeks.
• They worked hard to redevelop their culture and
  to learn new crafts and skills.
• The civilization they created flourished from
  about 700s B. C. until 336 B. C.