Animal Nutrition Mc Donald, Greehalgh and Warner. 1987. Animal Nutrition. Longman

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Animal NutritionMc Donald, Greehalgh and
Warner. 1987. Animal Nutrition. Longman

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Remember

• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Protein
• Minerals
• Vitamins

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WATER (H20)
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Water (H2O)

• Overlook when formulating rationsassumed animals
  have access to good quality water
• EXTREMELY IMPORTANT
• Cheapest most abundant nutrient
• May lose 100 of body fat, 50 of body protein
  and live
• Lose 10 of body water, dehydration occurs and
  may result in death

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Water (H2O)

• 65-85 of body weight at birth
• 45-60 of body weight at maturity
• Many tissues contain 70-90 water

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Functions of Water

1. Transport of nutrients and excretions
2. Chemical reactions and solvent properties
3. Body temperature regulation
4. Aids in cell shape maintenance
5. Lubricates and cushions joints and organs

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Sources of Water

1. Drinking water
2. Water in feed
3. Metabolic water

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Sources of Water

• 1. Drinking
• Pigs 1.5-3 gal/hd/day
• Sheep 1-3 gal/hd/day
• Cattle 10-14 gal/hd/day
• Horses 10-14 gal/hd/day
• Poultry 2 parts water1 part feed

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Sources of Water

• 2. Water contained in feeds
• Highly variable in feedstuffs
• Grains 9-30 water
• Forages
• Hay lt5
• Silage 65-75
• Lush young grass gt90

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Calculating Water Content of Feedstuffs

• 100 lbs of silage (65 moisture) contains how
  much actual feed?
• 100 lbs .65 65 lbs of water
• 100 lbs 65 lbs 35 lbs of feed

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Sources of Water

• Metabolic Water
• - Results from the oxidation of organic nutrients
  in the tissues
• 1 g of carbohydrates .6 g of water
• 1 g of protein .4 g of water
• 1 g of fat 1 g of water
• May account for 5-10 of total water intake

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Sources of Water Loss

• Urine
• Feces
• Lungs
• Skin
• Milk

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Factors Affecting Water Intake

• Temperature humidity
• Dietary factors
• High moisture feeds reduce drinking
• Fiber, DM intake, salt, and protein increase
  drinking
• Lactating vs dry
• Water quality

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Water Absorption

• Readily absorbed
• Monogastrics/Ruminants Jejunum, Ileum, Cecum,
  Large Intestine
• Ruminants Rumen and Omasum

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Dry Matter (DM)Bahan Kering (BK)
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DM in the feeds or diets

• DM content in feeds or diets
• How to analyze ?
• How to calculate ?
• What is its effect on feed quality (nutrient
  content and preservation)?
• What kind of nutrients contained in the feeds or
  diets?
• Remember !!!!
• DM content and Feed Price?
• DM content and Feed Handling?

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Feeds or diets DM for animal

• DM content in feeds or diets for animal
• Function ?
• How to calculate ?

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CARBOHYDRATES (CHO)
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Carbohydrates (CHO)

• Primary component found in livestock feeds
• 70 of DM of forages
• 80 of DM of grains
• Serve as source of energy or bulk (fiber) in the
  diet
• Not ESSENTIAL nutrients
• Synthesized by animals

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Carbohydrates (CHO)

• Definition Hydrates of carbon formed by
  combining CO2 and H2O
• photosynthesis

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Types of CHO

• Monosaccharides 1 sugar molecule
• Glucose
• Primary sugar body uses for fuel
• Fructose
• Found in honey (75), fruits, and cane sugar
• Sweetest sugar
• Present in low concentrations in animal
  feedstuffs

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Monosaccharide (Glucose)
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Types of CHO

• Disaccharides 2 sugar molecules linked by a
  glycosidic bond
• Lactose (galactose glucose)
• Milk sugar
• Sucrose (fructose glucose)
• Table sugar
• Present in higher concentrations in animal
  feedstuffs

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Disaccharide (Sucrose)
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Types of CHO

• Oligosaccharides group of CHO consisting of
  2-10 sugar groups
• Present in feed ingredients
• Fructooligosaccharides (Inulin) present
  Jerusalem artichokes
• Galactooligosaccharides present in soybeans

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Types of CHO

• Oligosaccharides
• Not hydrolytically digested or digested by the
  action of mammalian enzymes
• Fermented by beneficial bacteria present in GIT
• Functional Feed Ingredient foodstuffs which,
  apart from their normal nutritional value, are
  said to help promote or sustain healthiness
• PREBIOTIC

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Soybean Oligosaccharides
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Fructooligosaccharides (Inulin)
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Types of CHO

• Polysaccharides many sugar molecules linked by a
  glycosidic bond
• Starch storage form in plants
• Cellulose most abundant CHO in nature
• Hemicellulose principle component of plant cell
  wall

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Polysaccharides
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Function of CHO

• Source of energy
• Source of heat
• Building block for other nutrients

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Sources of CHO

• Cereal Grains
• Most feedstuffs of plant origin are high in CHO
  content

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CHO Digestion

• Dietary CHO must be converted to be absorbed
• Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
• How?
• Action of amylase enzyme
• Salivary amylase (swine, poultry)
• Intestinal amylase
• Action of other disaccharidases
• Produced by mucosal lining of duodenum

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CHO Digestion

• Mammals do not produce enzymes necessary to
  digest oligosaccharides and celluloses (fibrous
  feedstuffs)
• Digestion occurs as result of bacterial
  fermentation
• Where?
• Rumen
• Large Intestine (cecum and colon)

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CHO Digestion

• Fermentation yields
• CO2
• H2O
• Heat (heat increment)
• Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) or also referred to as
  Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA)

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VFA Production

• Serve as 70 - 80 of energy requirement in
  ruminants
• VFAs produced in rumen
• Serve as 16 of Maintenance energy requirement
  in swine
• VFAs produced in large intestine

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VFAs

• Acetate
• ? with higher roughage levels
• Produced by cellulolytic hemicellulolytic
  bacteria

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VFAs

• Propionate
• ? with higher concentrate levels
• ? Feed efficiency
• Ionophores increase propionate production

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VFAs

• Butyrate
• Energy source for rumen wall growth
• Papillae growth
• Energy source for colonic cell growth
• monogastrics

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VFAs

• Lactate (not volatile)
• Anaerobic conditions
• ? rumen and blood pH
• Inhibits most microbial growth
• Acidosis situation

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CHO Absorption

• Once simple sugars are formed, they are absorbed
  rapidly by small intestine
• Then monosaccharides diffuse into the portal vein
  which transports them to sites of metabolism

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VFA Absorption

• Absorbed through the rumen wall or large
  intestine mucosa
• Provide energy source to the animal

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LIPIDS
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Lipids

• Insoluble in water but soluble in organic
  solvents
• Dense energy source
• 1 g fat 9.45 kcal GE
• 1 g protein 4.5 kcal GE
• 1 g CHO 4.2 kcal GE
• Thus, fat produces 2.25 times the energy than CHO

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Lipids

• Triglyceride primary storage form of lipids
• Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds
• Unsaturated fatty acids contain 1 or more double
  bonds

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Lipids
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Lipids

• Fats solid at room temp animal origin
• saturated
• Oils liquid at room temp plant origin
• unsaturated

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Functions of Lipids

• Dietary energy supply
• Source of insulation protection
• Source of essential fatty acids (EFA)
• Carrier for fat soluble vitamins

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Lipids

• Essential fatty acids (EFA) Those fatty acids
  that an animal requires, but which it cannot
  synthesize in adequate amounts to meet the
  animals need
• Linoleic C182
• Linolenic C183
• Arachidonic C204

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EFA

• Physiological needs
• Cell membrane structure
• Synthesis of prostaglandins which control blood
  pressure and smooth muscle contractions
• Deficiency
• Scaly, flaky skin (Poor feather growth)
• Poor growth

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Sources of Lipids (EFA)

• Most feeds contain low levels
• gt 10
• Unprocessed oil seeds (soybean, cottonseed,
  sunflower seed) contain up to 20 fat
• Traditionally, if additional fat is needed it is
  added to the diet
• Animal fats
• Vegetable oils

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Lipid Digestion

• Occurs in the small intestine (duodenum)
• Bile produced by liver emulsifies fat
• Pancreatic lipase (enzyme) breaks apart fat for
  absorption

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Lipid Absorption

• Monoglycerides (MG)absorbed into SI mucosal
  cells
• Free Fatty Acids (FFA)absorbed into SI mucosal
  cells or enter blood circulation directly

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Lipid Absorption

• Very efficient
• Absorption rates range from 70-96
• Generally, oils (unsaturated fats) are absorbed
  more completely that fats (saturated fats)

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Ketosis

• Disorder of metabolism
• Insufficient energy intake in high producing
  animals (e.g. Dairy cattle in early lactation and
  sheep in late pregnancy)
• Results in catabolism (breakdown) of body energy
  (fat) reserves

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Ketosis

• 2 C fragments (ketones) of fat catabolism
  (breakdown) build up
• Toxic levels cause
• Body weight loss
• Abortion
• Poor milk production

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PROTEINS
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Proteins

• Principal constituent of organs and soft tissues
• Highest concentration of any nutrient, except
  water, in the body of all living organisms and
  animals
• Required for life

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Proteins

• DEFINITION Protein are long chains of amino
  acids (AA)
• Formed by peptide linkages
• Amino group carbon skeleton

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Proteins
Amino Acid (AA)
Protein (2 AA joined by peptide bond between ?
carboxyl and ? amino group
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Proteins

• Dietary requirements highest in young, growing
  animals and declines at maturity
• Large molecules that vary greatly in in size,
  shape, and function
• MW 5000 to millions

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Categories of Protein

• 1. Essential Amino Acids (EAA)
• required in the diet
• cannot be synthesized at a rate sufficient to
  meet the nutritional requirements

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Essential AA

• PTV TIM HALL (KNOW!)

• Phenylalanine
• Threonine
• Valine
• Tryptophan
• Isoleucine
• Methionine

• Histidine
• Arginine
• Lysine
• Leucine

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Categories of Protein

• 2. Nonessential AA
• animal can produce enough to meet its
  requirements
• 3. Semi-essential AA
• Animal can not always produce enough to meet its
  requirements

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Functions of Protein

• Basic structural units
• Collagen, blood, elastin
• Body metabolism
• Enzymes, hormones, immune system, hereditary
  transmission
• Production
• Meat, milk, skin/hair

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Protein Deficiency

• Reduced growth feed efficiency
• Infertility
• Reduced birth weights
• Reduced milk production

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Sources of Protein

• Most common feedstuffs contain some protein (the
  quality is another issue)
• KEY to combine feedstuffs into the diet so that
  AA requirements are met
• e.g. Using a corn-soybean meal diet for pigs

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Protein Digestion

• Proteins must be broken down into AA for
  absorption in the GIT
• Exception! Early in life (gt 48 h after birth)
  proteins from milk (immunoglobulins) can be
  absorbed intact across the intestinal epithelium

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Protein Digestion/Absorption in Monogastrics
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Monogastric Protein Digestion

• Stomach HCl unfolds (denatures) proteins and
  activates pepsinogen secreted by stomach to
  pepsin
• Pepsin begins protein digestion to peptides
  (short-chain proteins)
• Small intestine enzymes (trypsin) break peptides
  into AA

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Monogastric Protein Absorption

• AA are absorbed in anterior part of the small
  intestine
• Jejunum and ileum
• AA are absorbed and transported to tissue via
  blood

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Protein Digestion and Absorption in Ruminants
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Ruminant Protein Digestion

• In rumen, microbes break down protein to peptides
  and AA and then degraded further to ammonia,
  VFAs, and carbon dioxide
• Ammonia and/or NPN (urea) CHO source form
  microbial proteins

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Ruminant Protein Absorption

• Protein can be absorbed through rumen wall as
  ammonia
• Microbial proteins pass to the lower intestine
  where they are converted to AA and absorbed

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Fates of Absorbed AA

• 1. Tissue protein synthesis
• 2. Synthesis of enzymes, hormones other
  metabolites
• 3. Use for energy (inefficient energy source)

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MINERALS
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Minerals

• Inorganic components of the diet
• Can not be synthesized or decomposed by chemical
  reactions
• Total mineral content is called ash
• Makes up 3-5 of the body weight

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Categories of Minerals

• Macro Minerals Minerals normally present at
  greater levels in animal body or needed in large
  amounts in the diet (found in concentrations gt
  100 ppm)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Sodium (Na)
• Chloride (Cl)
• Magnesium (Mg)
• Potassium (K)
• Sulfur (S)

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Categories of Minerals

• Micro (Trace) Minerals Minerals normally present
  at low levels in animal body or needed in small
  amounts in the diet (found in concentrations lt
  100 ppm)
• Cobalt (Co)
• Copper (Cu)
• Fluoride (Fl)
• Iodine (I)
• Iron (Fe)
• Manganese (Mn)
• Molybdenum (Mo)
• Selenium (Se)
• Zinc (Zn)

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General Mineral Functions

• Skeletal formation and maintenance (Ca, P, Mg,
  Cu, Mn)
• Protein synthesis (P, S, Zn)
• Oxygen transport (Fe, Cu)
• Fluid balanceosmotic pressure (Na, Cl, K)
• Acid-base balance regulation (Na, Cl, K)
• Activators or components of enzyme systems (Ca,
  P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn)
• Mineral-Vitamin relationships (Ca, P, Co, Se)

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Macro Mineral Deficiencies

• Ca and P
• Inadequate bone mineralization
• Rickets (young)
• Osteomalacia (adult)
• Phytate Pbound and unavailable to nonruminants
• Mg
• Grass tetany-convulsions, coma, death
• Likely in grazing, lactating females in early
  spring or fall
• Mg is there in the plant, just in bound form due
  to lack of sunlight

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Macro Mineral Deficiencies

• Fe
• Anemia (insufficient hemoglobin)
• Young pigs (rapid growth, low stores, low Fe in
  milk)

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Trace Mineral Deficiencies

• Mn
• Poor growth
• PoultryPerosisdeformed and enlarged hock joints
• I
• Goiterswollen thyroid

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Trace Mineral Deficiencies

• Cu
• Fading hair coat color (depigmentation)
• Low Cu utilization may result when excess Mo or
  Zn
• Zn
• Parakeratosis (dermatitis-thickening of skin)
• Poor hair or feather development
• Exacerbated by high Ca

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Trace Mineral Deficiencies

• Se
• White muscle disease-nutritional muscular
  dystrophy
• Muscle appears white due to Ca-P deposits
• Due to low concentration of Se in soil

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Mineral Toxicities

• Usually not a problem ()
• NaCl can be for swine and poultry
• Levels above 8--causes nervous disorders
• Cu a big problem for sheep and young animals
• Mineral mixes for other species/age groups used
• Se has a small margin between requirement (0.3
  ppm) toxicity (8 ppm)
• Plants grown in regions of high soil Se

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Sources of Minerals

• Forages usually considered good sources of
  minerals
• Largely dependant on soil conditions
• Grains are fair source of P, but low in other
  minerals
• Mineral premixes
• Mineral blocks

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Mineral Absorption

• Minerals are converted to their ionic form and
  absorbed in the small intestine

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Vitamins

• Organic substances required by the animal in very
  small amounts
• Necessary for metabolic activity but not part of
  body structure
• Content varies greatly in the feed
• Requirements depend on species
• Monogastrics a lot b/c cannot synthesize
• Ruminants few vitamins due to microbial
  synthesis

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Types of Vitamins

• Fat-soluble vitamins
• Vit A (carotene) vision
• Vit D Ca, P absorption
• Vit E (tocopherol) antioxidant
• Vit K (menadione) blood clotting
• Short shelf life (3-4 months)
• Need lipids for absorption
• Destroyed by heat, minerals

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Types of Vitamins

• Water-soluble vitamins
• Thiamine
• Riboflavin
• Niacin
• Pyridoxine
• Pantothenic acid
• Biotin
• Choline
• Folic acid
• Vitamin B12
• Vitamin C

B Complex Vitamins
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Vitamin Functions

• Reproduction
• Fetal Development
• Colostrum Production
• Milk production
• Wool
• Egg
• Racing

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Vitamin Deficiencies

• Vitamin A
• Xerophtalmia night blindness
• Poor growth, reproductive failure
• Vitamin D
• Rickets
• Osteomalacia
• Vitamin K
• Poor blood clotting/hemorrhaging

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Vitamin Deficiencies

• Vitamin C
• Scurvy slow wound healing, spongy gums, swollen
  joints, anemia
• B Complex Vitamins
• Reduced growth/poor appetite
• Dermatitis
• Muscular incoordination

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Most likely deficient

• In practical situations
• Ruminants A, E, D (limited circumstances)
• Swine riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid,
  choline, B12, A, D, and sometimes E
• Poultry All vitamins except Vitamin C,
  inositol, and PABA

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Vitamin Toxicity

• Unlikely ()
• Generally nontoxic
• Exceptions
• A, D, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Choline

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Sources of Vitamins

• A green, leafy forages, corn, fish oil
• D fish oils, sun-cured hay
• E seed germ oils, green forage or hay
• K green forage, fish meal, synthetic menadione

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Sources of Vitamins

• B Vitamins green forages usually
• Niacin present in grains, but unavailable to
  nonruminants
• B12 protein feeds of animal origin, fermentation
  products
• C citrus fruits, green, leafy forages,
  well-cured hay

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Sources of Vitamins

• Most nonruminants rations contain a vitamin
  premix
• Consume basically no forages and B vitamins are
  poorly available from cereal grains

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Vitamin Absorption

• Most vitamins are absorbed in the upper portion
  of the small intestine
• Water soluble vitamins are rapidly absorbed
• Fat soluble vitamin absorption relies on fat
  absorption mechanisms

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Nutrition

• Nutrition
• provide animals with nutrients to enable them to
• maintain grow
• reproduce lay eggs
• lactate produce wool
• work
• PROFIT feed animals adequately economically
• first must understand process of digestion and
  absorption of nutrients from feeds

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Animal Classification By Type of Food Consumed

• Herbivore - Depends entirely on plant food
• - Sheep, Cattle, Horses
• Carnivore Almost entirely on meat for food
• - Dog
• Omnivore Both meat and plants for food
• - Swine, Chickens, Humans

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Animal Classification By Type Digestive System

• Major differences in anatomy and physiology of
  digestive tracts of different species
• Affects nature of digestive processes and the
  kind of feed that can be utilized by the animal
• Based upon type of digestive tract, 4 different
  classifications can be made.

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Animal Classification By Type Digestive System

• Monogastrics Major Category
• 1. Simple Stomach Pigs, Humans, Dogs
• 2. Avian Chickens, Turkeys
• 3. Pseudo Ruminants Horses, Rabbits
• Ruminants Cattle, Sheep, Goats

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• Swine - Simple stomach, Limited
  capacity -Chemical secretions and enzymes are
  critical for digestion -limited
  microbial action, limited fiber digestion

Figure 63  Swine digestive tract.
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Swine

• Mouth Initial breakdown of food, mechanical,
  amylase in saliva, some lipase
• Stomach Initial digestion of food, broken to
  smaller particles
• Hydrochloric acid HCl, breaking of bonds
• Pepsin proteins to polypeptides

107
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Swine

• Small Intestine Further breakdown and
  absorption of food
• Pancreatic Enzymes
• -Lipase - fats to fatty acids and glycerol
• -Trypsin - polypeptides to peptides
• -Chymotrypsin peptides to amino acids
• -Amylase starch to disaccharides
• -Sucrase, Maltase, etc. disaccharides to
  monosaccharides
• Reduced particles are absorbed into the
  bloodstream across wall of the small intestine.
  Diffusion passive, Transport active.

108
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Swine

• Cecum/Large Intestine limited plant fiber
  digestion
• -microbes present produce the enzyme cellulase
• -cellulase breaks down cellulose (one type of
  plant fiber)
• -very inefficient system in monogastrics (except
  horses)

109

• Avian monogastric, similar to others except
• different anatomy since no teeth to chew food
• -Limited capacity
• Chemical secretions and enzymes are critical for
  digestion
• Limited microbial action
• Limited fiber digestion

Figure 67  Digestive system of the avian.
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Avian

• Beak procure food
• Crop feed directly here from esophagus
• -feed stored and soaked with water
• Proventriculus True stomach in Avian
  species, adds and mixes in
• Hydrochloric acid HCl, breaking of bonds
• Pepsin proteins to polypeptides

111
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Avian

• Gizzard Contains grit, food is crushed and
  ground to smaller particles by strong muscular
  contractions.
• Small Intestine Same as swine
• Cecum/Large Intestine Same as swine

112
Ruminants 4 compartment stomach -Designed for
fiber digestion with a high capacity -microorganis
ms in rumen to digest fiber symbiotic
relationship Capacities of different parts?
80
5
8
9
Figure 64  Digestive system of the ruminant.
113
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants

• Mouth like swine, no enzymes
• Stomach compartments
• 1. Reticulum (honeycomb)
• - hardware disease?
• 2. Rumen (fermentation vat)

114
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants

• Functions of the Rumen
• Vat contains slurry of fluid, grain (bottom),
  boluses of forage and microorganisms
• Microorganisms are bacteria and protozoa, type
  changes with type of feed consumed (grain vs
  forages)
• In animals consuming forages, microbes present
  will break down the plant fiber and
• Produce energy to be absorbed through the rumen
  as VFAs
• Synthesize more microbes (comprised mainly of
  protein) that are digested as a source of protein
  for the animal
• Synthesize ALL essential amino acids and B
  Vitamins

115
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants

• Functions of the Rumen - continued
• Major VFAs are Acetate, Propionate and Butyrate
• Process of digestion of food by microbes is
  fermentation
• Rumination is regurgitation of forage boluses
  from rumen and reticulum
• Eructation is the belching of gases (CO2 and
  Methane) produced by the fermentation process
  bloat

116
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants
Is the rumen functional in newborn ruminants???
Figure 65  Side view (right side) of the rumen.
117
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants

• Stomach compartments - continued
• 3. Omasum (manyplies)
• - adds water to or absorbs water from rumen
  contents
• 4. Abomasum (true stomach)
• -performs very similar functions as in
  monogastric animals

118
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants

• Small Intestine Similar to swine
• Cecum/Large Intestine Similar to swine

119

• Pseudo Ruminants Monogastric, single
  compartment stomach
• have a greatly enlarged cecum.
• have a large amount of hind gut
  fermentation.
• digest fiber, can use forages as part of diet

120
Digestive System Parts and Functions - Horses

• Functions of the Cecum
• microbes present break down the plant fiber
• Produce energy to be absorbed through the cecum
  as VFAs
• less efficient than rumen
• Synthesize more microbes, vitamins and amino
  acids, not digested and used since cecum is
  downstream of digestive organs (stomach and small
  intestine) Some are absorbed
• Require higher quality feed and forage

121
Nutrients

• 6 major classes
• Water
• carbohydrates -
• lipids -
• proteins
• vitamins
• minerals

Energy
122
Figure 51  The essential nutrients. 1Mnemonic
device for remembering essential amino acids 5
MATT HILL VP. 2For poultry, two additional amino
acids are needed glycine and proline. 3Arachidoni
c acid can be synthesized from linoleic acid if
it is available so it is only essential if
linoleic acid is absent or in short
supply. 4Authors vary on whether or not to list
sulfur as a macromineral or micromineral. The
discrepancy arises because only a very small
amount of inorganic S is needed but the
sulfur-containing amino acids (organic S) are
needed in larger quantities.
123
Nutrients

• Water
• Functions
• part of metabolic reactions
• transports nutrients
• temperature regulation
• moisture in feed?
• in grazed forages, silage, hay, corn?

124
Nutrients

• Carbohydrates
• Types
• simple starches sugars
• complex cellulose (plant cell walls fiber)
• Function
• source of energy
• monogastrics from grains or cecum (horses)
• ruminants from volatile fatty acids

125
Nutrients

• Lipids (fats oils)
• most feeds contain 1-5 fat or oil
• composed of 3 fatty acids glycerol
• Functions
• energy source
• 2.25 x more energy than carbohydrates

126
Nutrients

• Proteins
• 25 amino acids are building blocks of animals
• 10 essential amino acids not synthesized by
  body tissues
• Provided by microbial synthesis in ruminants
• Must be in diet of all monogastrics
• 1st limiting LYSINE
• only nutrient containing nitrogen (16)

127
Nutrients
Figure 51  1Mnemonic device for remembering
essential amino acids 5 MATT HILL VP.
128
Nutrients

• Function of Proteins
• supply amino acids for body proteins
• - muscle bone connective tissue hormones
  enzymes antibodies milk components cell repair

129

• small amounts for specific body functions
• 2 classifications
• water soluble C B-complex (see Fig 5-1)
• microbes synthesize in ruminants horses
• fat soluble A, D, E, K
• A E required in diets of all animals
• D produced by effects of sun on skin
• K synthesis by rumen/cecum microbes

130
Nutrients

• Vitamins
• Functions
• enzyme cofactors blood clotting bone health
  health of internal linings of body
• deficiencies lead to specific disorders

Example Disorders blood clotting K scurvy
C
131

• Minerals
• inorganic (contain no carbon) are elements

132
Nutrients

• Mineral Functions
• -part of some amino acids vitamins metabolic
  reactions enzyme function body structure
  transport oxygen
• Deficiency examples

White muscle selenium Grass Tetany magnesium Ric
kets calcium
White hair on black cattle copper Anemia iron Re
tained Placenta selenium and Vitamin E
133

• Slides after this point not used in 2002
  lectures.
• STUDENTS you are not responsible for the
  information beyond this point on the exam.

134
Figure 59  Schematic diagram for partitioning
energy values of feeds. (Source Adapted from
Wagner, 1977. Used with permission.)
135
Nutrient Requirements for Maintenance, Growth,
and Production

• Feed animals to meet nutrient requirements for
• maintenance (about ½ of feed meets this)
• no growth or production
• met before supplying any other body function

136
Nutrient Requirements for Maintenance, Growth,
and Production

• growth
• increase number and(or) size of cells
• protein synthesis gt protein breakdown
• build muscle, bone, connective tissue

137
Nutrient Requirements for Maintenance, Growth,
and Production

• production
• fattening/finishing
• reproduction
• lactation
• egg laying
• work
• wool

138
Digestion in the Ruminant
139
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Largest of herbivores
• Main fxn of complex stomach of ruminant
• Utilize the largest CHO source in the world as an
  energy source
• Produce food and other products

140
Anatomy
Large Intestine
Esophagus
Cecum
Rumen
Mouth
Reticulum
Abomasum
Small Intestine
Omasum
141
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Mouth
• No upper teeth
• Dental pad

142
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Mouth
• No upper teeth
• Dental pad
• Particle size reduction by teeth grinding against
  dental pad
• Saliva
• Moistens food
• More importantly provides buffer for rumen
• Rumen microorganisms produce
• Volatile Fatty ACIDS

143
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Esophagus
• Same general fxn as in monogastric
• Complex stomach comprised of four compartments
• Rumen
• Contents 20 BW of animal
• Volume
• 5 60 gallons liquid
• 5 50 lb dry material

144
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Stomach complex cont
• Reticulum
• Omassum
• Abomasum
• True glandular stomach
• Lined with mucous membrane and gastric juice
  secreted

145
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146
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Rumen/reticulum and omassum collectively term
• ??? Forestomachs ???
• Lining of these tissues
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• layered, scaly epithelium
• Not glandular
• No secretions

147
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Esophageal groove (reticular groove)
• Groove which can contract and form tube to bypass
  rumen/reticulum
• Empties into omasum
• Fxn
• Allow milk to pass directly to omasum and
  abomasum
• Keep milk out of young ruminants undeveloped
  rumen

148
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Rumen - Anatomy/Function
• Main fxn act as site of anaerobic bacterial
  fermentation
• Anaerobic microorganisms live and reproduce
• No oxygen anaerobic
• Undeveloped at birth sterile
• Partially developed at 4-6 weeks of age
• 1st place food goes in adult
• Some nutrients bypass anaerobic fermentation

149
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Rumen wall covered with papillae
• Small finger-like projections.
• Increase surface area.
• Influence by diet and season.
• Storage of food
• Consume large amounts can digest later.
• Regurgitation, remastication, etc.

150
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Microorganisms in the rumen digest
• CHO cellulose and starch
• Fermentations produces Volatile Fatty Acids

Fiber (cellulose) Corn (starch)
VFAs
151
Digestion in the Ruminant

• VFAs
• Acetate/acetic acid (2 carbons)
• Propionate/propionic acid (3 carbons)
• Butyrate/butyric acid (4 carbons)

• VFAs absorbed through rumen wall
• Can supply 50-100 of required energy for ruminant

152
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Main benefit of microbial fermentation
• Produce microbial protein as they live and
  reproduce

Urea Protein AA
NH3
MCO protein
C skeleton
VFAs

• Utilize urea (non-protein source)
• Utilize plant/animal protein

153
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Bacteria pass through rumen with feed to lower
  G.I. Tract
• Protein (feed and microbial)
• Microbial protein contains 50 CP
• Excellent protein source
• Microorganism also synthesize
• B vitamins thus no reqt
• Vitamin K
• Microorganism also contain
• 1 2 CHO
• 3 fat essential FAs present no reqt for FA

154
Digestion in the Ruminant

• Rumen provides favorable environment for
  microbial growth due to
• Buffered pH
• Temperature maintained at 101 to 103 degrees
• Primarily a liquid media
• Food supply replenished daily
• End products of digestion removed
• Anaerobic

155
Digestion in the Ruminant - 2

• Anatomy continued
• Reticulum Honey Comb
• Fxn Site of microbial action absorption of
  VFAs
• Fxn Pacemaker for rumen contractions
• Contractions start in reticulum spread to rumen
• Mixes rumen contents

156
Digestion in the Ruminant - 2

• Anatomy continued
• Reticulum Honey Comb
• Heavy particles move to bottom, lighter ones
  float
• Lighter particles subject to ruminationRuminatio
  n regurgitation, remastication, resalivation,
  reglutition

157
Digestion in the Ruminant - 2

• Omasum many piles, lamina propia
• Fxn is unclear
• Some water and VFA absorption
• Some mechanical digestion from lamina
• Regulates particle size flowing to abomasum/S.I.
• Abomasum
• True stomach
• Secretions
• HCI denatures protein, but also kills MCO
• Mucin, pepsin, etc

158
Digestion in the Ruminant - 2

• Small intestine, large intestine
• Very similar to that for non-ruminant
• Post Gastric Fermentation
• Approximately 5-15 of cellulytic digestion can
  occur in colon and cecum
• MCO here as well but lost in feces, lose MCO
  protein
• VAs produced and can be absorbed through L.I.
• Primary function is still water absorption

159
Rumination Process
160
Rumination Process

• Define set of steps that reduce particle size
  of digesta for passage to lower tract
• Regurgitation
• Bolus is moved by reverse contraction of
  esophagus from rumen to mouth
• Remastication
• Reduce particle size
• Resalivation
• Buffer
• Nitrogen recycling
• Reglutition

161
Eructation

• Process of removing gas from the rumen
• 50 200 liters/day
• Gases produced H2 hydrogen CO2 carbon
  dioxide CH4 methane H2S hydrogen sulfide

162
Eructation

• Rumen contraction forces gas to the back and then
  forward
• Gas forced up esophagus to the trachea

163
Eructation

• Problem Bloat
• Primarily caused by inability to eructate
• Froth
• Foam
• Secondarily caused by something anatomically
  wrong
• Commonly seen distention of left side

164
Bloat
165
Eructation

• Problem Bloat
• Primarily caused by inability to eructate
• Froth
• Foam
• Secondarily caused by something anatomically
  wrong
• Commonly seen distention of left side
• Legumes (soluble protein) primary cause
• Barn door left open wheat pasture, lush grass
• Treatment/prevention
• Trochar
• Ionphores