Animal Science 400 Nutrition Management Decision-making: An Intensification Strategy for Beef Cattle Systems in Tizim

1
Animal Science 400Nutrition Management
Decision-making An Intensification Strategy for
Beef Cattle Systems in Tizimín, Yucatán, México

• May 2006
  
• Kotaro Baba

2
www.elca.org
3
Issue and problem, México, USA and beef
production

• Migration and population increase
• Demand for animal product (Delgado et al.,1999)
• NAFTA
• Cow-calf production

4
www.realestateyucatan.com
5
(No Transcript)
6
Cow-calf production system
7
Target audiences of our project

• 1. The owners of the beef reproduction ranches in
  the study site
• 2.Local professionals

8

• Source Magaña UADY

9

• The end of June,
• the early rainy season

10
The end of October, The early dry season
11
d
The end of March, the late dry season
12
The forage growing cycle of the year Source,
Magaña, UADY
13
Irrigation

• Pumps from under ground
• The cost of irrigation is expensive.

14
Forage quality

• Tropical forage contains a lot of cell walls (Van
  Soest., 1994)
• -High temperature, the length of the day
• -High NDF, lignin, low CP
• Season is known to have a large effect on NDF,
  lignin, CP(Licitra et al., 1998)

15
Reproduction, Calving Interval (CI)

• Brahman in Texas (Browing Jr ,1995)
• -one calf per year (12-13 mo)
• Brahman in our study site
• -14 month for mature cows
• -15-17 mo for 1 st lactation cows
• (Magaña et
  al., 2002)

16
Problem statement

• seasonal variation in the supply and quality of
  forage is a primary constraint affecting beef
  cattle productivity in Tizimín herds.
• Extended Calving interval, economic losses.

17
Body Condition scoring

• Beef cattle scale 1(Thin)-9(Fat)
• Use body reserve for early lactation (high energy
  requirement) and when the feed supply is
  inadequate
• Restore reserve after the energy supply is
  improved
• These should be included in nutritional
  management, (Reynoso-Campos., 2003), the amount
  of the energy for these, is not small in our case
  and many cases.

18
Body Condition scoring (continued)

• Strong link between BCS and reproductive
  performance
• At least the cows need a BCS 5, and 6 for
  breeding heifers for next calving (Herd et al.,
  1995)

19
Source Virginia State University and Virginia
cooperative extension
www.ext.vt.edu

• This cows BCS is five.

20
What is her BCS?
21
Problem-solving approach

• The energy intake is low
• The postpartum intervals from parturition to the
  nadir of negative energy balance were correlated
  with the number of days from parturition to first
  ovulation (Canfield and Butler 1989,1990, Beam
  and Butler, 1997)
• effective reproductive management requires
  analysis of energy balance and dietary
  supplementation strategies to replenish
  catabolized tissue reserves and to shorten CI.
• indicate which season is best for calving, and
  which season should be avoided for calving.

22
(No Transcript)
23
Objectives of our project

• Determine nutrient requirements and appropriate
  dietary supplementation strategies throughout the
  year for key management groups of females to
  efficiently achieve productivity and reproductive
  goals
• Management goals include prompt recovery from the
  postpartum energy balance nadir to allow
  ovulation and conception to occur, and to assure
  adequate body tissue reserves over the
  reproductive cycle to minimize the calving
  interval

24
What information is needed?Energy balance
throughout the CI

• How can we know the energy balance throughout the
  calving interval?
• Use the CNCPS as a tool.
• (Rueda et al., 2003,
  Reynoso-Campos et al., 2004, Nherera 2005) in the
  tropics

25
Procedures

• Use panel of experts to describe current
  situation
• Describe each group in the beef herd
• Describe forage composition available during each
  season of the year
• Predict nutrient balances for each group in the
  herd when consuming forages available during each
  forage growth season

26
ProceduresManagement group for the simulation

• Physiological stage
• -Early lactation stage
• (first 90 d)
• -Mid late lactation
• stage(150 d)
• -Early dry
• -Late dry (last 90 d)

• Parity
• - 1st lactation cows
• -2nd lactation cows
• -Mature cows
• -Breeding heifers

27
Seasons

• Season 1(calving on June 1 , the early
  rainy season)
• Season 2(calving on August 1, the late dry
  season)
• Season 3(calving on October 1, the early dry
  season)
• Season 4(calving on February 1, the late dry
  season)

28
.Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation Yucatán assumptions .Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation Yucatán assumptions .Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation Yucatán assumptions .Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation Yucatán assumptions .Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation Yucatán assumptions .Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation Yucatán assumptions .Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation Yucatán assumptions

Season CP() NDF () Lignin in DM Ashin DM NDF rate /hour Ether extract in DM
Season 1 9 67 6 12.7 8.6 3
Season 2 8 72 7 12 7.2 2.6
Season 3 7 74 8 11.5 7.2 2.2
Season 4 5 77 9 11 5.1 1.6
29
Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation assumptions the average values of Juarez et al, and Rueda et al Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation assumptions the average values of Juarez et al, and Rueda et al Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation assumptions the average values of Juarez et al, and Rueda et al Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation assumptions the average values of Juarez et al, and Rueda et al Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation assumptions the average values of Juarez et al, and Rueda et al Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation assumptions the average values of Juarez et al, and Rueda et al Forage composition for the CNCPS simulation assumptions the average values of Juarez et al, and Rueda et al

Season CP() NDF () Lignin in DM Ashin DM NDF rate /hour Ether extract in DM
Season 1 9 67 5.5 12.7 8.6 3
Season 2 8 70 6 12 7.2 2.6
Season 3 8 71 6.5 11.5 7.2 2.2
Season 4 7 73 7 11 5.1 1.6
30
Inputs for the CNCPS, Magaña et al. 2002, 2006 and assumptions by the Yucatán panel of experts. Inputs for the CNCPS, Magaña et al. 2002, 2006 and assumptions by the Yucatán panel of experts. Inputs for the CNCPS, Magaña et al. 2002, 2006 and assumptions by the Yucatán panel of experts.


Item 1st lactation cows 2nd lactation cows Mature cows

Body weight, kg 400 460 500
Mature weight, kg 500 500 500
Calf body weight, kg 31.5 31.5 31.5
Calving interval, d 460(rainy) 500(dry) 420 420
Milk production early lactation, kg 4 (6.4) 4.5(7.2) 5(8)
Milk production mid-late lactation, kg 3(4.8) 3.3(5.3) 3.7(6)
31
BCS change

• The next slide will be BCS change in each
  season.
• the CNCPS inputs
• Based on Delgado 2000 with our assumptions.

32
Table 6 Table 6 Table 6 Table 6 Table 6 Table 6
Season 1(Calvingon June 1, the beginning of the rainy season) Season 1(Calvingon June 1, the beginning of the rainy season) Season 1(Calvingon June 1, the beginning of the rainy season) Season 1(Calvingon June 1, the beginning of the rainy season) Season 1(Calvingon June 1, the beginning of the rainy season) Season 1(Calvingon June 1, the beginning of the rainy season) Season 2 (Calving on August 1 at the middle of the rainy season) Season 2 (Calving on August 1 at the middle of the rainy season) Season 2 (Calving on August 1 at the middle of the rainy season) Season 2 (Calving on August 1 at the middle of the rainy season) Season 2 (Calving on August 1 at the middle of the rainy season) Season 2 (Calving on August 1 at the middle of the rainy season)
Parity Calving( 1 day) Early lactation(1-90 days after calving) Mid-late lactation(90-240 days after calving) Early dry Late dry Parity Calving(1day) Early lactation(1-90 days after calving) Mid-late lactation(90-240 days after calving) Early dry Late dry
1st 4.5 4 4 4.5 5 1st 5.5 4.5 4 5 6
2nd 4.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 2nd 6 5 4 5 6
Mature 4.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 mature 6 5 5 6 6

Season 3( Calving on October 1, the beginning of the dry season) Season 3( Calving on October 1, the beginning of the dry season) Season 3( Calving on October 1, the beginning of the dry season) Season 3( Calving on October 1, the beginning of the dry season) Season 3( Calving on October 1, the beginning of the dry season) Season 3( Calving on October 1, the beginning of the dry season) Season 4 (Calving on Feb 1 the middle of the dry season, the data is originally BCS change for the dry season) Season 4 (Calving on Feb 1 the middle of the dry season, the data is originally BCS change for the dry season) Season 4 (Calving on Feb 1 the middle of the dry season, the data is originally BCS change for the dry season) Season 4 (Calving on Feb 1 the middle of the dry season, the data is originally BCS change for the dry season) Season 4 (Calving on Feb 1 the middle of the dry season, the data is originally BCS change for the dry season) Season 4 (Calving on Feb 1 the middle of the dry season, the data is originally BCS change for the dry season)
Parity Calving( 1 day) Early lactation(1-90 days after calving) Mid-late lactation(90-240 days after calving) Early dry Late dry Parity Calving( 1 day) Early lactation(1-90 days after calving) Mid-late lactation(90-240 days after calving) Early dry Late dry
1st 6 5 4.5 4.5 5 1st 5 3.5 3.5 4 5
2nd 6 5 4.5 4.5 5.5 2nd 5 4 3 4 6
mature 6 5 4.5 4.5 5.5 Mature 6 5 4 4.5 6
33
Analytical framework and preliminary results

• The results of the simulation (EB) are
  combinations of
• Energy requirements
• -Lactation (High especially in the early
  stage)
• -Pregnancy( low, but higher in the late
  stage)
• -BW or parity (growth rate, and
  maintenance)
• Energy supply
• -Grass (Season 1 is the best, and
  Season 4 is the worst)
• BCS change
• -Body tissue mobilization
• -Body tissue repletion

34
Simulation 1

• Compare energy balance with and without body
  tissue contribution (with and without BCS change
  in each physiological stage)

35
Early lactation 3 mo in S4 S4 G100 T sup
17.72 -Btis(6-5)2.21 T req 22.43
-.Maint- 16.72 -Lac -
5.714 EB- Mius 4.72, The 2.21 Mcal helps the
cow
Early dry -3 mo in S3 G3100 T sup 19.59
T req 17.34 Maint-15.14 Pre - 0.79
to BT- 1.09 BCS(4-4.5) EB- (2.56)
Mid-late lactation -1 mo in S4 -2 mo in S1 -2 mo
in S2 G4G1G2122 T sup 19.99 From
BT(BCS5-4) -1.22 T req 19.32
Maint- 15.05 Lac - 4.23 Pre -
0.04 EB - (0.67)
Late dry -1 mo in S3 -2 mo in S4 G3G412 T
sup 18.428 T req 22.89 - Maint-15.28 - Pre
- 4.3 to BT- 3.35 BCS(4.5-6) EB (-4.46)
36
Simulation 2, Which season is good for calving,
and which season should be avoided?

• I do not know exactly yet. More simulations are
  needed.
• To have a calf per year, cows must get pregnant
  at 75 days after calving (The Brahmans pregnant
  period in our study site is 290 d)
• Energy Balance
• -Energy supply is different in seasons
• -Energy requirement is different in
  physiological
• stages
• BCS 5, at least needed at calving
• Prompt recovery is necessary from the postpartum
  energy balance nadir to allow ovulation and
  conception to occur

37

• E-Lac
• - 2 mo in S1
• - 1 mo in S2 G1G221
• Mi- lac
• -1 mo in S2
• - 4 mo in S3 G2G314
• E-Dry
• - 3 mo in S4 G4100
• L-Dry
• -1 mo in S4
• -2 mo in S1 G4G112

38
Simulation 3, with Molasses (M) and Poultry Manure

• Some farmers feed 1 kg of M and PM for cows in
  the lactation stage, and some cows in the dry
  season , I am asking Fernando Duarte.
• Both are by-product feeds
• - Molasses CP 4 , Fat 4.2,
  Sugar 70 DM
• -Poultry Manure CP 15.8 , Fat 0.5, and
  Sugar 1.9 DM
• 
  (Tedeschi et al., 2002)
• M PM are added for the entire CI to see the
  difference with and without M PM

39
(No Transcript)
40
Conclusion of simulation 1, 2 and 3

• The CNCPS predicts the energy balance included
  the fluxes of the body tissue
• Supplementation strategies would be needed for
  all the seasons to achieve a 12 mo CI. I can not
  still indicate the best season for the calving
• Calving Season 4 looks not very good to achieve
  the 12 mo CI
• Season 4 grass (High NDF and lignin content
  forage) constraints feed intake.
• In our simulation, molasses and poultry manure
  help cows in the dry season, but 1 kg of M and PM
  is insufficient.

41
Goals for shortening the CI

• Reach nadir as soon as possible after calving.
• Have cows in optimum BCS at calving.
• Need to achieve zero energy balance over the
  reproductive cycle.

42
Thank you