Organ transplant

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Organs Transplantation
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Organ transplant by Alsafwa
Medical Family
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Why Organ transplant ??!!
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organ transplant (an operation moving an organ
from one organism (the donor) to another (the
recipient)) "he had a kidney transplant" "the
long-term results of cardiac transplantation are
now excellent" "a child had a multiple organ
transplant two months ago"
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Types of transplants

• Autograft
• Allograft
• Isograft
• Xenograft and Xenotransplantion
• Split transplants
• Domino transplants

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Autograft

• A transplant of tissue from one to oneself.
  Sometimes this is done with surplus tissue, or
  tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more
  desperately needed elsewhere (examples include
  skin grafts, for CABG, etc.) Sometimes this is
  done to remove the tissue and then treat it or
  the person, before returning it (examples include
  stem-cell autograft and storing blood in advance
  of surgery).

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Allograft

• An allograft is a transplanted organ or tissue
  from a genetically non-identical member of the
  same species. Most human tissue and organ
  transplants are allografts.

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Isograft

• A subset of allografts in which organs or tissues
  are transplanted from a donor to a genetically
  identical recipient (such as an identical twin).
  Isografts are differentiated from other types of
  transplants because while they are anatomically
  identical to allografts, they are closer to
  autografts in terms of the recipient's immune
  response.

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Xenograft and Xenotransplantion

• A transplant of organs or tissue from one species
  to another. Xenotransplantion is often an
  extremely dangerous type of transplant. Examples
  include porcine heart valves, which are quite
  common and successful, a baboon-to-human heart
  (failed), and piscine-primate (fish to non-human
  primate) islet (i.e. pancreatic or insular
  tissue), the latter's research study directed for
  potential human use if successful. See
  xenotransplantation.

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Split transplants

• Sometimes, a deceased-donor organ (specifically
  the liver) may be divided between two recipients,
  especially an adult and a child.

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Domino transplants

• This operation is usually performed for cystic
  fibrosis as both lungs need to be replaced and it
  is a technically easier operation to replace the
  heart and lungs en bloc. As the recipient's
  native heart is usually healthy, this can then
  itself be transplanted into someone needing a
  heart transplant. That term is also used for a
  special form of liver transplant, in which the
  recipient suffers from familial amyloidotic
  polyneuropathy in which the liver (slowly)
  produces a protein that damages other organs
  their liver can be transplanted into an older
  patient who is likely to die from other causes
  before a problem arises.

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Major organs and tissues transplanted

• Thoracic organs
• Heart (Deceased-donor only)
• Lung(Deceased-donor and Living-Donor)
• En bloc Heart/Lung (Deceased-donor and Domino
  transplant)
• Other organs
• Kidney (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor)
• Liver (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor)
• Pancreas (Deceased-donor only)
• (Deceased-donor only)
• Tissues, cells, fluids
• Hand (Deceased-donor only
• Cornea (Deceased-donor onlySkin graft including
  Face transplant (almost always autograft)
• Penis (Deceased-donor only)
• Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas Islet Cells)
  (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor)
• Bone marrow/Adult stem cell (Living-Donor and
  Autograft)
• Blood transfusion/Blood Parts Transfusion
  (Living-Donor and Autograft)
• Blood vessels (Autograft and Deceased-Donor)
• Heart valve (Deceased-Donor, Living-Donor and
  XenograftPorcine/bovine)
• Bone (Deceased-Donor, Living-Donor, and
  Autograft)

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History of Organ transplant
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The Chinese physician Pien Chi'ao reportedly
exchanged hearts between a man of strong spirit
but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit
but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance
in each man.
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• Roman Catholic accounts report the third-century
  saints Damian and Cosmas as replacing the
  gangrenous leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with
  the leg of a recently deceased Ethiopian.

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• The first reasonable account is of the Indian
  surgeon Sushruta in the second century BC, who
  used autografted skin transplantation in nose
  reconstruction rhinoplasty.

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• Centuries later, the Italian surgeon performed
  successful skin autografts he also failed
  consistently with allografts

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• the first successful human corneal transplant, a
  keratoplastic operation, was performed by Eduard
  Zirm in Austria in 1905.

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• Their skillful anastomosisoperations, the new
  suturing techniques, laid the groundwork for
  later transplant surgery and won Carrel the 1912
  Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology

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• Archibald McIndoe

carried on the work into World War II as
reconstructive surgery
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• The first attempted human deceased-donor
  transplant was performed by the Ukrainian surgeon
  in the 1930s

Yu Yu Voronoy
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• the late 1940s Peter Medawar, working for the
  National Institute for Medica Research, improved
  the understanding of rejection. Identifying the
  immune reactions in 1951 Medawar suggested that
  immunosuppressive drugs

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• On March 9th 1981 t the first successful
  heart-lung transplant took place at Stanford
  University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce
  Reitz, credited the patient's recovery to
  cyclosporine-A.

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Timeline of successful transpants

• 1905 First successful cornea transplant by
  Eduard Zirm
• 1954 First successful kidney transplant by
  Joseph Murray (Boston, U.S.A.)
• 1966 First successful pancreas transplant by
  Richard Lillehei and William Kelly (Minnesota,
  U.S.A.)
• 1967 First successful liver transplant by Thomas
  Starzl (Denver, U.S.A.)
• 1967 First successful heart transplant by
  Christiaan Barnard (Cape Town, South Africa)
• 1970 First successful monkey head transplant by
  Robert White (Cleveland, U.S.A.)
• 1981 First successful heart/lung transplant by
  Bruce Reitz (Stanford, U.S.A.)
• 1983 First successful lung lobe transplant by
  Joel Cooper (Toronto, Canada)
• 1986 First successful double-lung transplant
  (Ann Harrison) by Joel Cooper (Toronto, Canada)
• 1987 First successful whole lung transplant by
  Joel Cooper (St. Louis, U.S.A.)
• 1995 First successful laparoscopic live-donor
  nephrectomy by Lloyd Ratner and Louis Kavoussi
  (Baltimore, U.S.A.)
• 1998 First successful live-donor partial
  pancreas transplant by David Sutherland
  (Minnesota, U.S.A.)
• 1998 First successful hand transplant (France)
• 2005 First successful partial face transplant
  (France)
• 2006 First successful penis transplant (China)

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Reasons for donation
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Living related donors
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Paired-exchange
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Good Samaritan
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Compensated donation
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Forced donation
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Ethical concerns
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Who will buy ... my beautiful kidney?
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Ethical concerns

• The World Health Organization argues that
  transplantations promote health, but the notion
  of transplantation tourism has the potential to
  violate human rights or exploit the poor

There is also a powerful opposing view, that
trade in organs, if properly and effectively
regulated to ensure that the seller is fully
informed of all the consequences of donation, is
a mutually beneficial transaction between two
consenting adults, and that prohibiting it would
itself be a violation of Articles 3 and 29 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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Organ transplantation in different countries
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Organ transplant in Egypt
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Which side are you ?!
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Dialogue
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In Egypt !
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Thank You