Chapter 29

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Chapter 29 The Pacific World
Video
Section Notes
Australia and New Zealand The Pacific
Islands Antarctica
Impact of Nonnative Wildlife
Maps
The Pacific World Political The Pacific World
Physical Settling the Pacific The Pacific
Islands Political The Pacific World Australia
and New Zealand Climate
Close-up
Maori Culture
World Almanac
Ethnic Groups in Australia and New Zealand
Images
Geography Focus on Culture Australian
Sports Villagers on Tanna Island Antarctic
Exploration
Quick Facts
Chapter 29 Visual Summary
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Australia and New Zealand

• The Big Idea
• Australia and New Zealand share a similar history
  and culture but have unique natural environments.
• Main Ideas
• The physical geography of Australia and New
  Zealand is diverse and unusual.
• Native peoples and British settlers shaped the
  history of Australia and New Zealand.
• Australia and New Zealand today are wealthy and
  culturally diverse countries.

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Main Idea 1The physical geography of Australia
and New Zealand is diverse and unusual.

• Australia
• Australia is surrounded by water, but is
  considered a continent and not an island.
• The western half of Australia is covered by a
  huge, flat, and dry plateau.
• Eastern Australia has low mountains, valleys, and
  a major river system.
• Fertile plains lie along Australias coasts.
• The Great Barrier Reefthe worlds largest coral
  reefis off Australias northeastern coast.

• New Zealand
• New Zealand includes two main islands, North
  Island and South Island.
• North Island is covered with hills and coastal
  plains.
• South Island has a large mountain rangethe
  Southern Alpsfertile hills, and rich plains.
• Fjords create many natural harbors on both
  islands.

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Climate

• Australia
• Much of Australia has desert and steppe climates.
• Temperatures are warm and rainfall is limited.
• The coast has a temperate climate.

• New Zealand
• New Zealand has a marine climate.
• New Zealand is mild and wet.
• Much of the country receives plentiful rainfall
  and mild temperatures.

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Wildlife and Resources

• Australia
• Australia is home to many unique animals
  (example the kangaroo and koala).
• Australia is rich in resources
• Worlds top producer of bauxite, lead, diamonds,
  and opals
• Energy resources include coal, natural gas, and
  oil.
• Farms and ranches raise wheat, cotton, and sheep.

• New Zealand
• New Zealand is home to many unique animals
  (example the kiwi).
• New Zealand has few mineral resources.
• Its main resources are wool, timber, and gold.
• New Zealand has a great deal of fertile land.

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Main Idea 2Native peoples and British settlers
shaped the history of Australia and New Zealand.
Australia

• The Aborigines were the first humans to live in
  Australia.
• The Aborigines likely migrated from Southeast
  Asia at least 40,000 years ago.
• Early Aborigines were nomadsfishers and
  hunterswho believed it was their duty to
  preserve the land.

New Zealand

• New Zealands first settlers came from other
  Pacific islands around 1,200 years ago.
• The Maoridescendants of the early
  settlerssettled throughout New Zealand.
• The Maori were mainly fishers and hunters, but
  also farmed.

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The Arrival of the Europeans

• Australia
• In 1770 James Cook landed in Australia and
  claimed it for Britain.
• Many of the first British settlers were
  prisoners.
• British settlers took over the Aborigines land
  and many Aborigines died from diseases that the
  British introduced.
• Gained its independence in the early 1900s
• Member of the British Commonwealth of Nations

• New Zealand
• In 1769 James Cook explored the main islands of
  New Zealand.
• British settlers began to arrive in the early
  1800s.
• Became a part of the British Empire in 1840.
• Tensions between the Maori and British settlers
  led to land wars.
• Gained its independence in the early 1900s
• Member of the British Commonwealth of Nations

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Main Idea 3Australia and New Zealand today are
wealthy and culturally diverse countries.
Australias Government

• British monarch is the head of state.
• Prime minister and Parliament run the government.
• Federal type of system like that of the United
  States

New Zealands Government

• British monarch is the head of state.
• Prime minister and Parliament run the government.
• A Bill of Rights protects the individual rights
  of citizens.

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Economy

• Australia
• Rich and economically developed country
• Agriculture is an important industry.
• One of the worlds top producers of wool
• Exports meat and dairy products
• Mining is an important industrybauxite, gold,
  and uranium in the Outback.
• Other industriessteel, heavy machines, and
  computers

• New Zealand
• Rich and economically developed country
• Agriculture is an important industry.
• One of the worlds top producers of wool
• Exports meat and dairy products
• Other industriesprocessed food, clothing, and
  paper products
• Banking, tourism, and insurance are important
  industries.

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People

• Australia
• Most of British ancestry
• Native Aboriginessmall percentage of the total
  population
• Challenge to improve the economic and political
  status of Aborigines
• Most Australians live in urban areas.
• About 85 percent of the population lives in large
  cities along the coasts.

• New Zealand
• Most of British ancestry
• Native Maorismall percentage of the total
  population
• Challenge to improve the economic and political
  status of Maori
• Most New Zealanders live in urban areas.
• A majority of the population lives on the North
  Island.

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The Pacific Islands

• The Big Idea
• The Pacific Islands have tropical climates, rich
  cultures, and unique challenges.
• Main Ideas
• Unique physical features, tropical climates, and
  limited resources shape the physical geography of
  the Pacific Islands.
• Native customs and contact with the western world
  have influenced the history and culture of the
  Pacific Islands.
• Pacific Islanders today are working to improve
  their economies and protect the environment.

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Main Idea 1Unique physical features, tropical
climates, and limited resources shape the
physical geography of the Pacific Islands.

• The Pacific Islands are divided into three
  regionsMicronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.
• Micronesia2,000 small islands just east of the
  Philippines
• Melanesiastretches from New Guinea in the west
  to Fiji in the east
• Polynesiameans many islands, and includes
  Tonga, Samoa, and the Hawaiian Islands

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Physical Features
The Pacific Islands differ greatly.

• Some islands are high islands.
• High islands are mountainous and rocky.
• High islands can be volcanic or formed from
  continental rock.
• Examples of high islands include the islands of
  Tahiti and Hawaii.

• Some islands are low islands.
• Low islands are typically much smaller than high
  islands.
• Many low islands are atolls, or small,
  ring-shaped coral islands that surround a
  lagoon.
• Wake Island is an example of a low island atoll.

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Climate

• Humid tropical climate
• Most islands have humid tropical climate.
• Rain falls all year.
• Temperatures are warm.

• Tropical savanna climate
• Exists in a few places (example New Caledonia)
• Has a rainy and dry season

• Cool highland climate
• Found in the mountains of New Guinea

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Resources in the Pacific Islands Vary Widely

• Low Islands
• Thin soils and little vegetation
• Few trees
• Few mineral or energy resources
• Low populations

• High Islands
• Volcanic soils provide fertile farmland and dense
  forests.
• Cropscoffee, cocoa, bananas, and sugarcane
• Some high islands have mineral resources.

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Main Idea 2Native customs and contact with the
western world have influenced the history and
culture of the Pacific Islands.

• Early History
• Began to be settled at least 35,000 years ago
• Europeans first encountered the Pacific Islands
  in the 1500s.
• By the late 1800s European powers such as Spain,
  Great Britain, and France controlled most of the
  Pacific Islands.

• Modern History
• Guam became a U.S. territory in 1898.
• Witnessed a lot of fighting during World War II
• After World War II the United Nations placed some
  islands under the control of the United States
  and other Allies.
• Many Pacific Islands gained their independence in
  the 1900s.
• Several countries still have territories in the
  Pacific Islands.

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Pacific Island Culture

• Some culture traits are common throughout the
  Pacific Islands (example fishing).
• Other culture traits are only found on a specific
  island or island chain.
• People
• Nine million people live in the Pacific Islands
  today.
• Most Pacific Islanders are descendants of the
  regions original setters.
• Large numbers of ethnic Europeans and Asians also
  call the Pacific Islands home.
• Most Pacific Islanders are Christian.
• Traditions
• Many people continue to practice traditional
  customs.
• People continue to live in ancient villages.
• Pacific Islanders practice customary art styles
  and traditional dances.

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Main Idea 3Pacific Islanders today are working
to improve their economies and protect the
environment.

• The countries of the Pacific Islands have
  developing economies.
• Key industries include fishing, tourism, and
  agriculture.
• Although some countries do export minerals and
  timber, their isolation limits trade.
• Environmental issues are a concern for many
  Pacific Islanders.
• Nuclear testing grounds from 1940s to 1990s
• Global warming and rising ocean levels

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Antarctica

• The Big Idea
• Antarcticas unique environment has made it an
  important site for research.
• Main Ideas
• Freezing temperatures, ice, and snow dominate
  Antarcticas physical geography.
• Exploration in the 1800s and 1900s led to
  Antarcticas use for scientific research.
• Research and protecting the environment are key
  issues in Antarctica today.

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Main Idea 1Freezing temperatures, ice, and snow
dominate Antarcticas physical geography.

• THE LAND
• Ice covers 98 percent of the continent of
  Antarctica.
• This ice sheet contains more than 90 percent of
  the worlds ice.
• Antarctica has huge ice shelvesledges of ice
  that extend over the water.
• In the waters surrounding Antarctica float huge
  icebergs.
• In western Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula
  extends north of the Antarctic Circle.

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Climate and Resources
Climate

• Most of Antarcticas interior is dominated by a
  freezing ice-cap climate.
• Temperatures can drop below -120ºF.
• Polar deserta high-latitude region that
  receives very little precipitation
• The continent is in almost total darkness during
  the winter months. In the summer, the sun shines
  around the clock.
• Plant life exists only in the ice-free tundra
  areas.
• Insects are the only land animals.
• Penguins, seals, and, whales live in Antarcticas
  water.

Resources

• Antarctica has many mineral resources, including
  iron ore, gold, copper, and coal.

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Main Idea 2Exploration in the 1800s and 1900s
led to Antarcticas use for scientific research.

• In 1775 James Cook first sighted the Antarctic
  Peninsula.
• In the 1800s explorers first investigated
  Antarctica.
• Many explorers wanted to discover the South Pole.
• In 1911 a team of Norwegian explorers reached the
  South Pole.
• Several countries claim parts of Antarctica.
• In 1959 the International Antarctic Treaty was
  signed to preserve the continent for science and
  peace.
• Military activity is banned.
• The entire continent is set aside for research.

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Main Idea 3Research and protecting the
environment are key issues in Antarctica today.

• Scientific Research
• Antarctica is the only continent without a
  permanent human population.
• Scientists use the continent to conduct research
  and to monitor the environment.
• Several countries maintain bases on Antarctica
  for their research teams.
• Antarctica research covers a wide range of
  topics.
• The continents plant and animal life
• Earths ozone layer
• Weather conditions

• Environmental Threats
• People are concerned about Antarcticas
  environment.
• Trash and sewage left by researchers and tourists
• Oil spills
• Fear that mining in Antarctica will result in
  more environmental problems
• A new international agreement reached in 1991
  forbids most activities that do not have a
  scientific purpose.

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