Bio211 - Laboratory 1

1

• Bio211 - Laboratory 1
• Microscope
• Cellular Structure
• Cell Cycle
• Mitosis

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Anatomical Terminology
Know these terms
Anatomical Position body standing erect, facing
forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing
forward
Material starting here will be tested on LECTURE
Exam 1
3
Body Sections
Know this
4
Anatomical Subdivisions
Used most in clinical situations
Used most in surgical/anatomical study situations
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Body Regions
Know the terms on this slide and their locations
on the body
END of material for LECTURE EXAM 1
Fig 2.3 in Lab Manual
6
Seeing in Biology

• There are many different tools that
  biologists/anatomists can use to see biological
  samples at high resolution. Some include
• Light microscope (2-D)
• Electron microscope
• Transmission electron microscopy (2-D)
• Scanning electron microscopy (3-D)
• Confocal laser scanning microscope (optical
  sections through a 3-D specimen good for 3-D)
• Atomic force microscope (one of the most powerful
  tools for determining the surface topography of
  native biomolecules at subnanometer resolution)

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Resolving Power
Need a refresher on the metric system? See our
course Web site in the Study Guides and Helpers
Section
From http//www.mih.unibas.ch/Booklet/Lecture/Cha
pter1/Chapter1.html
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Light Microscope
(Erythrocytes)
Nucleus
? 7.5 ?m (Use as a guide to size)
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Transmission Electron Micrograph
RBC
Two-dimensional representation of a 3-D object
From http//www.upei.ca/morph/webct/Modules/EM/E
M.html
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The Scanning Electron Microscope
No, although the hairdo is similar, this is NOT
your instructor!!
From http//www.mih.unibas.ch/Booklet/Lecture/Cha
pter1/Chapter1.html
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The Cell Cycle

• series of changes a cell undergoes from the time
  it forms until the time it divides
• stages
• interphase
• mitosis
• cytoplasmic division
• differentiation

G0
Differentiated cells may spend all their time in
G0 (neurons, skeletal muscle, red blood cells)
Stem cells
may never enter G0
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The Cell Cycle Must Have Controls

• If DNA is damaged, cell must NOT be allowed to
  enter mitosis
• DNA must be completely replicated before mitosis
  takes place
• At metaphase, the chromosomes must be correctly
  positioned at the spindle fiber equator
• Each phase of the cell cycle must be completed
  before the next is begun
• DNA/Cell replication must not proceed unless a
  signal to proceed is received

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What are the Controls of the Cell Cycle?

• cell division capacities vary greatly among cell
  types
• skin and bone marrow cells divide often
• liver cells divide a specific number of times
  then cease

• chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with
  each mitosis provide a mitotic clock (cell
  senescence)

• cells divide to provide a more favorable surface
  area to volume relationship

• growth factors and hormones stimulate cell
  division
• hormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle
  cells in uterus
• epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new
  skin

• contact inhibition

• Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases provide
  central control

• tumors are the consequence of a loss of cell
  cycle control

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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• Review from Biology
• What is the cell cycle? Why does mitosis happen?

INNKEEPER, POUR ME ANOTHER
TEQUILA!
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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• INNKEEPER (INTERPHASE)
• POUR (PROPHASE)
• ME (METAPHASE)
• ANOTHER (ANAPHASE)
• TEQUILA (TELOPHASE/CYTOKINESIS)

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Review of the Cell Cycle
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Interphase Cell
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Prophase
What structure joins the sister chromatids
together?
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Metaphase
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Anaphase
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Telophase (and Cytokinesis)
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Plant Mitosis (Allium root tip)
Telophase
Prophase
Interphase
Anaphase
Late anaphase /early telophase
Metaphase
Images from http//biology.about.com/od/mitosis/i
g/Mitosis-Image-Gallery/index.htm
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Reminders about using the microscope

• Reminders for using microscope
• Start at low power and locate a promising area to
  view at higher power, center the object of
  interest, THEN go to higher power
• When you focus on an area under higher power, be
  sure to move the FINE focus up and down slightly
  to be sure you see everything you need to see
• Try and use both eyes (for a binocular scope)
• Review and USE the instruction sheet for Lab 1 in
  your Lab Guide that was handed out today!!

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Cellular Structure

• This should be a review from General Biology
• Use your textbook if necessary to label the
  composite cell Figure 5.5 (page 60) in your lab
  Manual.
• List a function for each of the cellular
  components you labeled (see page 59 Lab Manual).

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The Cell
Be able to label a figure like this (figure 5.5,
page 60 in Lab Manual) Give a function for each
organelle
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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• Be sure you are able to recognize
• Each phase of mitosis
• For each of the phases of mitosis you are
  required to look at both
• Whitefish blastula
• Allium root tip
• Use the photographs in Woods Lab Manual to guide
  you
• If you are still in doubt about something you
  see, just ASK!

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Calculating Mitotic Rate/Index

• Different populations of cells, or the same types
  of cells in different places, have different
  mitotic rates, i.e., rates of cell division.
• What is a RATE, anyway?
• What is an INDEX?
• How does it differ from a rate?

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Lab Safety/Rules

• Please be sure to REVIEW the laboratory rules in
  your Laboratory Guide and SIGN the sheet on the
  bench in the front of the lab BEFORE YOU LEAVE
  TODAY.
• If you EVER have a question about something in
  the lab, always ASK before ACTING!
• There is NO FOOD OR DRINK allowed in the Science
  Department laboratories
• Open-toed shoes are not allowed in the Science
  labs

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What you should do in lab today

• Refer to the Instructions for Laboratory 1 in
  your Laboratory Guide. If you think you have a
  question READ IT AGAIN, THEN ASK!
• Before you leave the lab today
• Call me over to your lab table so I can check if
  your group can recognize the different mitotic
  figures
• Sign the Lab Safety Rules sign up sheet

Remember to try the Online Quizzes (on
gserianne.com Web site) -AFTER you think you
have mastered the material for a lab - and/or
before the Lab Exam
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For next lab

• Epithelial and Connective Tissue
• Read Exercises 7 and 8 in Woods Lab Manual
• Look at the histological photos in your Lab
  Manual and in your textbook (Ch. 4, Sec 1 and 2)
• Label the diagrams in your Lab Manual